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World History Study Guide

Terms in this set (201)

"Rebirth" of classical world and "birth" of the modern world
Renaissance
Spread from Italian city states to Europe
Renaissance
Visual artists of the Renaissance
Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
Wrote plays, sonnets, and essays during the Renaissance
Shakespeare
Helped develop Humanism
Erasmus
Salvation comes from faith alone, Bible is the ultimate authority, all humans are equal before God
Views of Martin Luther
Who posted the 95 Thesis and gave birth to the Protestant Church
Martin Luther
Predestination, faith revealed by living the righteous life, and work ethic
Views of John Calvin
Divorced, broke with Rome, headed the national church in England, appropriated lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England
Henry VIII
War fought during the Reformation between Protestants and Catholics
Thirty Years' War
Allowed Princes in Northern Germany to convert to Protestantism
Peace of Augsburg
German family that ruled over the Holy Roman Empire and continued its support of the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation
Hapsburgs
Made the Anglican Church the national church of the British Isles
Elizabeth I
Economic philosophy that was stimulated by the Reformation
Capitalism
Gave Huguenots freedom of worship before it was later revoked
Edict of Nantes
Changed the focus of the Thirty Years' War from a religious to a political conflict
Cardinal Richelieu
Society of Jesus
The Jesuits
Spreads Catholic Doctrine
The Jesuits
Reinforces Catholic Doctrine
The Inquisition
Stimulated the growth of literacy
Gutenberg Press
Growth of Secularism, Individualism, and Religious tolerance
Results of the Reformation
...
Thomas Hobbes
Who wrote that the state must have central authority to manage behavior in Leviathan?
...
Who wrote that people are sovereign and monarchs are not chosen by God in his Two Treaties on Government?
John Locke
Who wrote that the best form of government includes separation of powers in The Spirit of Laws?
Montesquieu
Who wrote that government is a contract between rulers and the people?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What Enlightenment philosopher thought religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism and called for a separation of church and state?
Voltaire
Formulation of the scientific method and expansion of scientific knowledge were results of what?
Scientific Revolution
Who were characterized by centralization of power and the concept of rule by divine right?
Absolute Monarchs
Who were the absolute monarchs?
Louis XIV, Frederick the Great, Peter the Great
What country did Louis XIV rule over?
France
What country did Frederick the Great rule over?
Prussia
What country did Peter the Great rule over?
Russia
Who made the Palace of Versailles into a symbol of royal power?
Louis XIV
What absolute monarch was known for putting an emphasis on military power?
Frederick the Great
Who was known for the westernization of Russia?
Peter the Great
Who led parliamentary forces during the English Civil War?
Oliver Cromwell
Who was ruler of England at the start of the English Civil War?
Charles I
Who was restored to the thrown at the end of the English Civil War?
Charles II
Who was invited to invade England?
William of Orange
Who came to power as a result of the Glorious Revolution?
William and Mary
What did the English Bill of Rights of 1689 provide to the people of England?
Basic Human Rights
Who developed the heliocentric theory?
Nicolaus Copernicus
Who discovered planetary motion?
Johannes Kepler
Who used the telescope to support the heliocentric theory?
Galileo Galilei
Who discovered the Laws of Gravity?
Isaac Newton
Who discovered circulation of blood?
William Harvey
What stimulated religious tolerance and fueled democratic revolutions around the world?
The Enlightenment
Who incorporated Enlightenment ideas into the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
What period most influenced the ideas placed in the Constitution and Bill of Rights?
The Enlightenment
What event caused the start of the French Revolution?
Storming of the Bastille
Whose absolute monarchy ended in the French Revolution?
Louis XVI
What Jacobin leader influenced the Reign of Terror?
Robespierre
Who led the revolutions of Haiti?
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Who led the revolutions of South America?
Simon Bolivar
Who painted Liberty Leading the People?
Eugène Delacroix
Who wrote Don Quixote?
Miguel de Cervantes
What technology improved travel and trade in Europe?
All-weather roads
What were Johann Sebastian Bach and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?
Composers
What is the divine right theory?
God gives monarch right to rule
What was the bourgeoisie?
Middle class
What term "justifies all means to achieve and hold power"?
Realpolitik
What war led to the creation of a unified German state?
Franco-Prussian War
Who led Prussia in the unification of Germany?
Otto von Bismarck
What was created by the Congress of Vienna to protect France's neighbors from French aggression?
Buffer States
Who is known for unifying Northern Italy?
Count Cavour
Who is known for uniting southern Italy with northern Italy?
Giuseppe Garibaldi
What was the last territory to join Italy?
Papal States
Who attempted to unify Europe under French domination?
Napoleon
What was accomplished through legislative means in Great Britain?
Abolition of slavery
What did national pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulate?
Nationalism
What was the result of the unsuccessful revolutions of 1848?
Increased nationalistic tensions
Where did the "Balance of Power" doctrine come from?
Congress of Vienna
What two political philosophies developed at the Congress of Vienna?
Liberalism and Conservatism
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
Restore Europe as it existed prior to the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
Restoration of the European monarchs occurred after what?
Congress of Vienna
What did the Napoleonic Code do?
Provided equal rights regardless of class
Where did the industrial revolution begin?
England
Where did the industrial revolution spread?
Europe and the United States
What three industries benefited most in the industrial revolution?
Cotton textile, iron, and steel industries
What did wealthy English land owners want to build during the Enclosure Movement?
Fences
The rise of the factory system put what type of industry out of business?
Cottage Industries
A type of manufacturing that primarily occurs in the home called what?
Cottage Industry
Who improves the steam engine?
James Watt
Who invents the cotton gin?
Eli Whitney
Who developed a new process for making steel?
Henry Bessemer
Who developed the smallpox vaccination?
Edward Jenner
Who discovered bacteria?
Louis Pasteur
Who wrote The Wealth of Nations?
Adam Smith
Who wrote the Communist Manifesto?
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Who wrote Das Kapital?
Karl Marx
Redistribution of wealth is a key component to what economic philosophy?
Communism
What economic philosophy is centered on market competition and entrepreneurial abilities?
Capitalism
Communism and Socialism form to oppose what economic philosophy?
Capitalism
During the industrial revolution, men had to compete for jobs with whom?
Women and Children
The cotton gin had what effect on the demand of slavery?
Increased demand
Women and children entered the work force as what?
Cheap labor
Child labor laws, expanded education, and women's suffrage were a result of what?
Industrial revolution
What power allowed a small group to negotiate with management for worker rights?
Collective Bargaining
What tool did labor unions wield as a last resort to earn increased wages and better working conditions?
Strike
Who lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers, including women and children?
Labor unions
What is a foreign territory under direct control by an imperialist nation?
Colony
What is a nation that has their own government but with officials of an imperialist power guiding its policies?
Protectorate
What is a region of a country in which imperialist power held exclusive investment or trading rights?
Sphere of influence
What was built by the French in Egypt to improve trade from Europe to Asia?
Suez Canal
What company dominated the Indian states?
East India Company
Who opened up trade between America and Japan?
Matthew C. Perry
The Boxer Rebellion was fought in what country?
China
Demand for raw materials drove the industrialized countries of Europe to colonize what continent?
Africa
During 1885, Indian nationalists created what?
Indian National Congress
Alliances that divided Europe into competing camps, Nationalistic feelings, Diplomatic failures, Imperialism, Competition over colonies, Militarism
Causes of World War I
Major events of World War I
Assassination of Austria's Franz Ferdinand, United States enters war, Russia leaves war
President of the United States during WWI
Woodrow Wilson
Ruler of Germany during WWI
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Colonies' participation in the war increased their demand for independence, End of Russian, Ottoman, German, and Austro-Hungarian empires
Outcomes of WWI
Forced Germany to accept guilt for war and loss of territory and pay reparations, limited the German military
Treaty of Versailles
Defeat in war with Japan in 1905, Landless peasantry, Incompetence of Tsar Nicholas II, Military defeats and high casualties in WWI
Causes of 1917 revolutions
Lenin's successor
Joseph Stalin
Developed New Economic Policy in Russia
Vladimir Lenin
International cooperative organization established to prevent future wars, United States was not a member, failed because it did not have the power to enforce its own decisions
League of Nations
System created to administer the colonies of defeated powers on a temporary basis with France and Great Britain became mandatory powers in the Middle East
Mandate System
Caused by German reparations, expansion of production capacities and dominance of the United States in the global economy, high protective tariffs, excessive expansion of credit, Stock Market Crash of 1929
Worldwide Depression
High unemployment in industrial countries, bank failures and collapse of credit, collapse of prices in world trade, growing importance of Nazi party in Germany, Nazi Party's blame of European Jews for economic collapse
Impact of world depression
Led the U.S.S.R. during the interwar period
Joseph Stalin
Policies included five-year plans, collectivization of farms, state industrialization, and secret police
Joseph Stalin / U.S.S.R.
Led Germany during the interwar period
Adolf Hitler
Inflation and depression, Democratic government weakened, Anti-Semitism, Extreme nationalism, National Socialism (Nazism), Occupation of nearby countries
Germany during the interwar period
Led Italy during the interwar period
Benito Mussolini
Rise of fascism, Ambition to restore the glory of Rome, Invasion of Ethiopia
Italy during the interwar period
Led by Hirohito and Hideki Tojo
Japan
Militarism, Industrialization leading to drive for raw materials, Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China
Japan during the interwar period
Axis Powers of WWII
Germany, Italy, Japan
Main Allied Powers of WWII
United States, Great Britain, Soviet Union, France
Event that started WWII
German invasion of Poland
Policy adopted by other nations that gave into the demands of Hitler
Appeasement
Policy adopted by nations to avoid war
Pacifism
Policy adopted by some European nations and the United States to stay out of the affairs of others
Isolationism
57 consecutive nights of bombing by the German Luftwaffe in the hopes of obtaining a British surrender
Battle of Britain
Event that brought the United States into WWII
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
Allied invasion of Europe that established a Western Front in Europe
D-Day
The atomic bombs were dropped on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
What country did Germany invade after signing a nonaggression pact?
Soviet Union
U.S. President at the start of WWII and died in office
Franklin D. Roosevelt
U.S. President that made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on Japan
Harry Truman
U.S. General and Supreme Allied Commander in Europe
Dwight D. Eisenhower
U.S. General stationed in the Pacific that accepted the Japanese surrender and administered over the reconstruction of Japan
Douglas MacArthur
U.S. General that supervised the war effort from Washington and later developed the plan for the reconstruction of Europe
George Marshall
Prime Minister of Great Britain during WWII
Winston Churchill
Dictator of the Soviet Union during WWII
Joseph Stalin
Dictator of Germany during WWII
Adolf Hitler
Japanese general that ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor and a convicted war criminal
Hideki Tojo
Japanese Emperor that was retained by MacArthur after WWII
Hirohito
Group blamed for defeat in WWI and economic depression
German Jews
Systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group
Genocide
The Final Solution for European Jews
Extermination Camps and Gas Chambers
Committed genocide against the Armenians
Leaders of the Ottoman Empire
Committed genocide against peasants, government and military leaders, and members of the elite in the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin
Committed genocide against the educated, artists, technicians, and former government officials in Cambodia
Pol Pot
Committed genocide against the Tutsi minority in Rwanda
The Hutus
Committed genocide against the Muslims and Croats in the former Yugoslavia
Bosnian Serbs
Two superpowers after WWII
United States and Soviet Union
The plan to rebuild Europe and keep Europeans from turning to dictators
Marshall Plan
Imaginary line that divided Europe after WWII into East and West
Iron Curtain
Defensive alliance led by the United States
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Defensive alliance of satellite states led by the Soviet Union
Warsaw Pact
War crimes trials after WWII to hold soldiers and government officials accountable for atrocities
Nuremburg Trials
International cooperative organization formed after WWII
United Nations
Meeting of the "Big Three" that plans postwar Europe and gives the Soviet Union control of Eastern Europe
Yalta Conference
Where does the policy of containment come from?
Truman Doctrine
Rivals during the Cold War
United States and Soviet Union
Nations of Eastern Europe with puppet rulers of the Soviet Union
Soviet satellite nations
Who won the Korean Conflict?
Neither Side
What country fought alongside North Korea during the Korean Conflict?
China
What country fought alongside South Korea during the Korean Conflict?
United States
Who won the Vietnam War?
North Vietnam
United States involvement in the Korean Conflict and Vietnam War were examples of what U.S. foreign policy?
Containment
Physical wall that separated Berlin into East and West
Berlin Wall
Discovery of nuclear missiles in Cuba led to what
Cuban Missile Crisis
Theory that countries with nuclear weapons will avoid war for fear of destroying everything
Deterrence
Soviet economic collapse and nationalism movements in Warsaw Pact countries led to the end of what war?
Cold War
Former Soviet satellites like Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic would join what organization after the fall of the Soviet Union
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Policy for preventing the expansion of communism
Containment
What other name was Chiang Kai-shek known as?
Jiang Jieshi
What is Mao Tse-tung also known as?
Mao Zedong
What side did Chiang Kai-shek lead during the Chinese civil war?
Nationalist China
What side did Mao Tse-tung lead during the Chinese civil war?
Communist China
Where is communist China located?
Mainland China
What kind of government does the Peoples Republic of China have today?
Communist
What kind of government does Taiwan have today?
Democracy
Where is nationalist China located?
Taiwan
Leader of North Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh
European power that tried to reassert its control in Southeast Asia after WWII
France
What countries were created at a conference in Geneva, Switzerland?
North & South Vietnam
What kind of government does Vietnam have today?
Communist
People forced to flee an area as a result of conflict
Refugee
Main area of religious conflict between Muslims, Christians, and Jews
Middle East
Area of religious conflict between Hindus and Muslims
Asia (India/Pakistan)
Area of ethnic conflict between Bosnians, Albanians, Serbians, and Croats
Balkans
Technology of manipulating the DNA of living things
Genetic Engineering
Determining whether or not genetic research is helpful or harmful
Bioethics
Three of the biggest environmental challenges facing the world today
Pollution, Loss of Habitat, Ozone depletion
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