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Chapter 6 - Overview of Cell Biology

Terms in this set (173)

science that explores living things and life processes
biology
basic units of all living matter; fundamental component of structure, development, growth, and life processes in the human body
cell
what performs many diverse functions for the body such as: conduction of nerve impulses, contraction of muscles, support of various organs, and transportation of body fluids?
cells
what enables the body to maintain homeostasis
proper cell function
what are cells made of that is the chemical building material for all living things?
protoplasm
What carries on the process of metabolism by enabling the cell to synthesize proteins and produce energy, and consists of organic and inorganic compounds either dissolved or suspended in water?
protoplasm
what element do organic compounds contain?
Carbon
what are the major organic compounds?
proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids
what are the main inorganic compounds?
water and mineral salts
how much of protoplasm does water account for?
80-85%
what is another name for mineral salts?
electrolytes
what is essential for growth, construction of new body tissue, and repair of injured tissue?
proteins
Proteins make up what percent of the cell's content?
15%
what is formed when amino acids combine into long, chainlike molecular complexes
proteins
what type of bond connects to each amino acid when proteins are being formed?
peptide bond
what is the production of protein involving 22 amino acids?
protein synthesis
what do the types of protein molecules in a cell determine?
the cell's characteristics
what type of proteins are found in muscle, and provide shape/form and heat/energy?
structural proteins
what type of proteins affect the rate or speed of chemical reactions and control the cell's physiologic activities?
enzymatic proteins
what type of protein enzyme repair damaged molecules and can help the cell recover from small amounts of radation-induced damage?
repair enzymes
what type of protein is chemical secretions from endocrine glands that influence activities of other parts of the body; regulate body functions such as growth and development
hormone
what type of protein is produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes and are produced when foreign objects are detected?
antibodies
The specialized cells in bone marrow that produce antibodies
B lymphocytes
what is another name for foreign objects or particles?
antigens
what type of organic compound fuctions as a short-term energy warehouse; its primary purpose is to provide fuel for cell metabolism.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates make up what percent of the cell's content?
1%
what are called "saccharides" and range from simple to complex?
carbohydrates
simple sugar carbohydrate
monosaccharide
2 simple sugar carbohydrates linked together
disaccharide
several molecules of simple sugar carbohydrates
polysaccharide
Which organic compound is the structural parts of the cell membrane and is present in all body tissue?
Lipids
Lipids make up what percent of the cell's content?
2%
what functions as: reservoiors for long term energy storage, insulate and gard the body against environment?
Lipids
What functions as: support and protect organs, provide substances necessary for growth and develoment, lubricate the joints, and assist in digestive process?
Lipids
Which organic compound is very large, complex macromolecules that house the DNA and RNA?
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids make up what percent of the cell's content?
1%
what is formed in a double-helix configuration and has nitrogenous organic bases?
DNA
what are the rails of DNA's double-helix configuration made up of?
Sugar-phosphate chains
what are the rungs of DNA's double-helix configuration made up of?
pairs of nitrogenous bases
what group of nitrogenous organic bases contain: adenine and guanine?
purines
What are the 2 purine nitrogenous organic bases?
Adenine and guanine
what are the 2 pyrimidine nitrogenous organic bases?
Cytosine and thymine
what group of nitrogenous organic bases contain: cytosine and thymine?
Pyrimidines
Adenine can only bond with what?
Thymine
Cytosine can only bond with what?
Guanine
Thymine can only bond with what?
Adenine
Guanine can only bond with what?
Cytosine
what is the "master chemical" that contains all the info the cell needs to function
DNA
The sequence of nitrogenous base pairs in the DNA molecule constitues what?
genetic code
which chemical transmits genetic info outside the cell nucleus?
mRNA
which chemical directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids in ribosomes?
mRNA
what resembles 1/2 of a DNA macromolecule?
mRNA
what does mRNA transfer it's genetic code to?
tRNA
which chemical combines with individual amino acids and attaches them to ribosomes?
tRNA
ribosomes travel along the ___, linking ___ and its corresponding amino acids in the correct order so the proteins needed by the cell are produced.
mRNA, tRNA
what does the "m" in mRNA stand for?
messenger
what does the "t" in tRNA stand for?
transfer
what does the "r" in rRNA stand for?
ribosomal
what chemical assists in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis?
rRNA
what are the tiny rod-shaped structures that become visible ONLY in dividing cells and are composed of DNA; somatic cells have 46, germ cells have 23
chromosomes
DNA is divided into hundreds of segments called what?
genes
what is the total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being?
the Human Genome
what is the process of locating and identifying the genes in the genome called?
mapping
what is the primary inorganic substance in the human body?
water
What percent of water comprises the body's weignt
80-85%
Within the cell: water is a ___ for metabolic activities and a ___.
medium, solvent
where does water function as a transport vehicle, maintains body temp, lubricates the digestive system and joints, and protect the brain and lungs?
outside of the cell
what are the bachemical compounds resulting from the action of an acid and a base on each other?
salts
what is essential for normal function of the cells and organs (salts)?
electrolyte balance
what keep the correct proportion of water in the cell, is necessary for proper cell performance, creates energy, and conducts impulses along the nerves?
acids, bases, and salts
constituents o salts exist as ___ in the cell.
ions
what contributes most of the cations?
potassium
what contributes most of the anions?
phosphorous
water tends to move across cell surfaces or membranes into areas in which a high concentration of ions are present
osmosis
by balancing the concentration of ions, the cell regulates the amount of fluid it contains meaning what?
osmotic pressure is maintained
what are the components of a cell?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic organelles, and nucleus
what is the semipermeable, flexible structure surrounding the cell that protects the cell from the outside environment and controls passage of water into and out of the cell?
cell membrane
what cell component has the primary role in being the cell's transport system?
cell membrane
type of transport where substances move through cell by osmosis and no energy is used to maintain concentration
passive transport
type of transport where movement is controlled by the cell membrane, cell must expend energy to pump substances into and out of it.
active transport
what is the protoplasm that exists outside the cell's nucleus, makes up the majority of the cell, and contains a large amount of the cell's molecular components?
cytoplasm
where do all cellular metabolic funcions occur?
cytoplasm
which of the cell components preforms anabolism, catabolism, packages substances for distribution, and eliminates waste products?
cytoplasm
what are the cellular components that enable the cell to function in a highly organized manner?
cytoplasmic organelles
what is located in the nucleus and determines the funtion of each organelle?
DNA
what carries the DNA code from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
mRNA
what are the 6 cytoplasmic organelles
endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, and centrosomes
what cytoplasmic organelle is a irregular network of tubules and vesicles spreading and interconnecting throughout the cytoplasm; functions as a highway system for the cell?
endoplasmic reticulum
which endoplasmic reticulum is "granular" (ribosomes on the surface)
rough ER
which endoplasmic reticulum "agranular" (no ribosomes)
smooth ER
which cytoplasmic organelle extends from the nucleus to the cell membrane and consists of tubes and a tiny sac located near the nucleus?
golgi apparatus
which cytoplasmic organelle concentrates, packages, and transports enzymes and hormones through the cell membrane so they can exit the cell and enter the bloodstream?
golgi apparatus
what is the "powerhouse" of the cell that contains enzymes that break down nutrients through oxidative metabolism?
mitochondria
process of breaking down large molecules thorugh oxidation
oxidative metabolism
what contains enzymes that are essential in the production of ATP?
mitochondria
what is a compound essential for human life that need enzymes found in the mitochondria?
adenosine triphosphate
which cytoplasmic organelle is the "garbage disposal" of the cell and is made up of small spherical bodies that contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted molecules and are capable of digesting the entire cell if the membrane breaks?
lysosomes
which cytoplasmic organelle is the site of protein synthesis and is a spherical organelle that attaches to the ER and consists of 2/3 RNA and 1/3 Proteins
ribosomes
the ribosomes consist of ___ RNA and ___ proteins
2/3, 1/3
which cytoplasic organelle is located in the center of the cell near the nucleus and contains centrioles
centrosomes
what are believed to play a part in the formation of the mitotic spindle by organizing spindle fibers during cell division?
centrioles
what is the heart of the living cell; spherical mass of protoplasm tha contains genetic material and protein
nucleus
what are spherical masses of protoplasm?
nucleoplasms
nuclear components are arranged in long threads called what?
chromatin
when the cell divides, chromatin contracts into what?
chromosomes
the nucleus contains the ___ which manufactures and hlds a large amount of RNA and protein
nucleolus
what controls cell division and multiplication, controls biochemical reactions that occur in the cell, and directs protein synthesis?
nucleus
the multiplication process in which ne cell divides to form 2 or more cells
cell division
somatic cell division; parent cell divides to form 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cell
mitosis
germ cell division; reduction division
meiosis
cells undergo a second division (without DNA replication) to reduce the number of chromosomes to 23 (meiosis)
reduction division
what are the four phases of cellular life cycle?
G1, S, G2, and M
what is the period of cell growth that occurs before mitosis and consists of G1, S, and G2?
interphase
G1 phase
pre-DNA synthesis
S phase
synthesis phase
G2 phase
post DNA synthesis
during which phase of interphase doe each DNA molecule copy and divide; chromatid joins to the replicated identical chromatid to make a chromosome
S phase
cell division phase; nucleus enlarges, chromatids become more visible, nuclear membrane disappears, and centriles migrate to oppiste sides of the cell and being to regulate formation of the mitotic spindle.
prophase
cell division phase; mitotic spindle forms between centrioles, each chromosome lines up in the equator, centromeres duplicate and each chromatid attaches individually to the spindle
metaphase
during which pase of cell division, can division be stopped and visible chromosomes be examined?
metaphase
cell division phase; duplicate centromeres migrate in opposite directions along the mitotic spindle, chromatids are carried to opposite sides of the cell
anaphase
cell division phase; chromatids uncoil and become long, loosely spiraled threads, nuclear membrane re-forms, 2 nuclei appear, and the cytoplasm divides near the equator to surround each new nucleus
telephase
cytoplasm divides
cytokinesis
end result of mitosis
2 daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes
the reduction division where the number of chromosomes in each cell is reduced to half the number in the parent cell
meiosis
when the daughter cells divide a second time without DNA replication, yielding four granddaughter cells with 23 chromosomes each
second meiotic division
end result of meiosis
4 granddaughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes
process by which syster chromatids exchange some chromosomal material (genes), resulting in changes in genetic composition and traits that can be passed on to future generations
crossover
identical twins; fertilized ovum splits after fertilization and 2 seperate offspring develop
monozygotic twins
fraternal twins; more than 1 ovum is fertilized at one time
dizygotic twins
What are the structural parts of cell membranes
lipids
chromosomal material
genes
what are small, insoluble, nonmembranous particles found in the cytoplasm
granules
what provide fuel for cell metabolism
carbohydrates
what formed by combining amino acids into long chainlike molecular complexes
proteins
what comes from one zygote
monozygotic
what protein is the factorie of the cell
ribosomes
what are protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow in response to the presence of foreign antigens such as bacteria or viruses
antibodies
what are tiny rode shaped bodies
chromosomes
what is an inorganic substance
calcium
what substance aids in sustaining life
water
What is a unit formed from a nitrogen containing organic base, a five carbon sugar molecule and a phosphate molecule
nucleotide
What is a inorganic substances that keep the correct proportion of water in the cell
salts
what is a apparatus, bodies, or complex; minute vesicles that extend from the nucleus to the cell membrane and consists of tubes and a tiny sac located near the nucleus
golgi
what part of the cell that lies outside the nucleus
cytoplasm
phase of mitosis in which damage caused by radiation can be evaluated
metaphase
what is the total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being
human genome
What controls the cells various physiologic activities
enzymatic proteins
The phase of mitosis during which two chromatids repel each other an migrate along the mitotic spindle to opposite sides of the cell
anaphase
What keeps the correct proportion of water in the cell
sodium and potassium
What is a five carbon sugar molecule
deoxyribose
what is made up of a molecule of glycerine and three molecules of fatty acid
lipids
What is a very large complex macromolecules made up of nucleotides
nucleic acid
In human beings, how many genes are contained in 46 chromosomes
30,000
In the human cell, protein synthesis occurs where
the ribosomes
Interphase consists of what phases
G1, S, G2
The primary energy source for the cell is what
glucose
Which of the following is of primary importance in maintaining adequate amounts of intracellurlar fluid
potassium
Nitrogenous base pairs from what party of DNA
the steps, or rungs, of the DNA ladderlike structure
The cell membrane is what kind of structure that encases and surrounds the human cell
frail, semipermeable, and flexible
Radiationinduced damage to chromosomes may be evaluated during what phase
metaphase
What is the primary energy source for the human cell
glucose
Where are carbohydrates most abundant
in the liver and in muscle
The biomolecules that comprise protoplasm are formed from ____ elements
24
Proteins are formed by combining ___ into long, chainlike molecular complexes
amino acids
Dizgotic twins are also known as ___ twins
faternal
water tends to move across cell structures or membranes into areas with a ____ concentration of ions
high
What synthesize the various proteins cells require
ribosomes
both the ____ and ____ capabilities of enzymes are vital to the survival of the cell
catalytic and repair
lipids are organic ______ large molecles built from smaller chemical structures
macromolecules
the ___ ____ transport food and molecules from one part of the cell to another
endoplasmic reticulum
salts are sometimes referred to as
electrolytes
In a DNA macromolecule adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, are the four __ organic bases
nitrogenous
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