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Anatomy Exam

Terms in this set (98)

myelin
a mix of lipid and protein that surrounds and insulates axons
action potential
a neurons moving charge
resting potential
the exact electrical charge inside of a normal, inactive neuron
saltatory conduction
depolarization jumps from from one node of Ranvier to the next
white matter/grey matter
white matter: interior of brain that consists mostly of myelinated neurons
grey matter: exterior of brain consists of unmyelinated neurons
meninges
the brain and spinal cord is protected by layers of these membranes
phrenic nerve
regulates the movement of the diaphragm
vagus nerve
carries signals to the heart
retina
inner later contains the visual receptor cells
iris
regulates the amount of light that enters eye
choroid coat
the middle later has blood vessels and has pigments that keep the inside of the eye dark
lens
focuses light onto the retina at the back of the eye
organ of Corti
organ for hearing
macula
associated with hearing; has hair cells
crista ampullaris
consists of receptor hair cells with hairs embedded in a gelatinous capula
somatic senses
receptors for the somatic general senses are all over the body
sensory adaptation
when the brain becomes unresponsive to constant, unchanging and unimportant stimuli
target cells
(cells with hormone receptors) respond to hormone
hormones
a person's sex hormones which effects mood and behavior
negative feedback
regulates hormones
hypothalamus
- maintains homeostasis
- influences emotional responses
bladder
stores urine
nephron
- small twisting tube
- basic functional unit of the kidneys
S-A node
- "pacemaker"
- spontaneously produces action potentials at regular intervals
- causes heart to contract
pathogen
bacteria or virus that causes disease
antigen-presenting cell
macrophages consume pathogens and infected cells and "wear" the antigens of the pathogen
helper T-cell
cause T-cells specific to pathogen to replicate and become cytotoxic T-cells that can lyse infected cells
plasma cell
produces antibodies
killer T-cell
lyse infection
memory cell
stored in lymph nodes
natural killer cell
white blood cells that lyse (kill by bursting cell membrane) any infected cell
macrophage
consume pathogens and infected cells and "wear" the antigens of the pathogen
species resistance
most diseases are species-specific
chemical barrier
macromolecules that attack pathogens
mechanical barrier
prevent pathogens from entering body
zygote
first cell of future offspring
placenta
nourishes and maintains the fetus through the umbilical cord
fallopian tube
where egg travels from ovaries to uterus
amnion
sac that develops around embryo
parturition
different stages of pregnancy
colostrum
thin, watery fluid that has protein
foramen ovale
blood from inferior vena cava enters fetus right atrium is shunted directly into left atrium through opening in atrial septum
sensation
getting information about the body's internal and external environment
integration
primary function of brain; processing and making sense of the information received; thinking
response
doing something in regards to processed information
characteristics of neurons vs. neuroglia
- neurons: cannot divide or replicate
- neuroglia: able to divide and replicate
parts of a neuron
- dendrites: receive signals from other cells
- cell body: contains the nucleus and other organelles
- axon: transmits signals to other cells
path of a reflex arc
1. receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. interneuron/synapse
4. motor neuron
5. effector
how is an action potential generated/travel through a neuron
once threshold potential is reached, the neuron will send a signal (action potential) down its entire axon, the all-or-none response
what are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
what are the two parts of the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
cerebellum
coordinates movement and posture
corpus callosum
bridge of nerve fibers that connect two sides of cerebrum
cerebral hemispheres
one side of the cerebellum
cerebral cortex
- surface of cerebrum, grey matter
- where integration happens
function of the different lobes of cerebrum
- frontal lobe: personality; concentration, planning and problem-solving
- parietal lobe: touch sensation; understanding speech and using words
- temporal lobe: hearing, smell and taste, memory
- occipital lobe: vision
function of different parts of diencephalon
- thalamus: directs signals from spinal cord to appropriate parts of brain; influences emotional responses
- hypothalamus: maintains homeostasis, influences emotional responses
functions of cerebrospinal fluid
- cushions brain and spinal cord
- maintains a stable ionic concentration for CNS neurons
- allows waste to be carried to the blood
difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic: fear/stress
parasympathetic: relaxation
to function, your sense of taste requires a functioning sense of _________
smell
functions of endocrine system
- reproduction
- homeostasis
- growth
- metabolism
contrast endocrine system and nervous system
endocrine signals move slower but last longer than nervous system signals
functions of respiratory system
- respiration
- takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide
- two main processes: ventilation and gas exchange
inspiration
breathing in/inhalation
expiration
breathing out/exhalation
how partial pressures are related to gas exchange
the concentrations of O2 and CO2 are called their partial pressure
what two parts of the brain regulate breathing
pons and medulla oblongata
components of urine
- H20
- urea
- uric acid
- ions
- misc.: ammonia, creatine, meds/drugs
what shouldn't be in urine
- blood
- glucose
- protein/amino acid
steps of urine formation
1. filtration: molecules squeezed out of blood
2. reabsorption: good molecules pumped back into bloodstream
3. secretion: larger waste products pumped into nephron from bloodstream
steps of digestion
1. indigestion
2. mechanical digestion
3. chemical digestion
4. absorption of molecules and nutrients
5. absorption of water
6. defecation
effect of sympathetic nervous system on heart rate
increases heart rate because of fear, stress, etc.
effect of parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate
decreases heart rate because it causes relaxation
characteristics of red blood cells
- small, round, red
- anucleate
- hematocrit
- hemaglobin
where hemtopoiesis occurs
this is the production of new blood cells; occurs in red bone marrow
function of iron in blood
when O2 is high, iron binds to O2 molecules; when CO2 levels are high, iron binds to CO2 molecules
functions of lymphatic system
- remove interstitial fluid from tissues
- absorb and transports fats
- transports white blood cells
quadriplegia
complete loss of arm movement
epilepsy
random, uncontrollable seizures
stroke
blood clot in brain, kills some brain tissue
multiple sclerorsis
immune system destroys myelin
Parkinson's disease
neurons in basal nuclei become unresponsive; progressive loss of motor control; treated with neurotransmitter
meningitis
infection of meninges/CSF; symptoms are fever/flu and painful/stiff neck; can be rapidly fatal
Alzheimer's disease
buildup of abnormal proteins causes neurons to die; progressive loss of memory and cognitive functions
pneumothorax
air pocket in thoracic cavity causes lung to deflate
COPD (chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; related to smoking
urinary tract infection
more likely to affect women than men
kidney stones
- dietary minerals crystallize in the kidneys; small stones excreted naturally, medium stones destroyed with sound waves, large stones removed surgically
indigestion
trouble digesting food; causes pain in stomach
gout
- excess uric acid form crystals in joints
incontinence
- inability to control urination
ulcer
an open sore on internal or external of body that comes from a break in the skin or mucous membrane that fails to heal
gallstones
small, hard crystalline mass formed in the gallbladder
HIV
- infects helper T-cells, slows/stops adaptive immune response - sources: sex, needles, mother to baby, transplants
anemia
- blood isn't getting sufficient oxygen to tissues
sickle-cell anemia
- abnormal hemoglobin causes misshapen RBCs; cells get tangled in small vessels and cause pain
thrombus
blood clot
hemophilia
infected blood/tissues/organs
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