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Praxis ESL App

Terms in this set (71)

traditional linguistics
prescriptive approach to grammar, meaning it emphasizes how one should "correct: speech in a given language. rules and structure are important
applied linguistics
interdisciplinary field of lang. study that identifies, investigates, and offers solutions to language-related real-life problems. fields in linguistics: education, psychology, anthropology, and sociology
morphology
study of structure of words; component of the grammar that includes the rules of word formation
anomia (aphasia)
difficulty finding words to use
lingua-franca
major language in a specific area
fossialization
habitual mistake
semiotics
study of signs and symbols
semantics
meaning of words
allophone
predictable phonetic realization; pattern; example: bat, rat, pat
phoneme
basic form of sound
quantifiers
tells numbers; none, all, most, etc
demonstrative modifiers
this, these, that, etc.
infinitive
to + verb
gerund
noun + ing, swimming is his passion. Verb + ing becomes a noun.

readING books is fun.
intransitive verb
sleep: michael slept

find NO: michael found (incomplete)
adverb clause
modifies a verb; tells when, why, where, etc.
modal auxiliaries
be, have, do, can, could, will, would, should, must,
passive voice
the girl was kissed by the boy
active voice
the boy kissed the girl
present participle
-ing
present progressive tense
he IS READING a book
perfect
have
progressive
be
backtracking
process of undoing an analysis; example, the little orange car sped. orange can be a noun, in this context, it's an adjective
deixis
their reference is ultimately context dependent. I, yesterday, there, that, etc.
subjective pronoun
subject of verb; i, you, she, he, it, we, they; she and I dance.
objective pronoun
me, you, her, him, it, us; serve as direct object; just between you and me.
non-referential pronoun
there and it
determiner
article a and the; with noun make a noun phrase
demonstrative
this, that, etc.
quantifier
each, every, none, some, etc.
inflections
extra letters added to noun, verb, and adjectives
anomaly
metaphors and idioms; require thinking to be understood. Alone, words make sense, but put together there's no semantic meaning.
morpheme
most elemental unit of grammatical form; boy (1 morpheme), desire + able (2 morphemes)
free morpheme
words by themselves
bound morpheme
need to be part of a word; suffix, prefix, etc.
infixes
morphemes inserted into other morphemes; un-f******-believable
derivational morphemes
create new words when added together
inflectional morphemes
s, ed, ing, en, s, 's, er, est
inflections
extra letters added to nouns, verbs, and adjectives.
coinage
invention of new words of phrase
eponym
word taken from a proper name and made into a term . for example, Louis Braille, braille (writing for the blind)
devoicing
lives to life
voicing
is when silent sounds in words become voiced. example, life - lives
euphemism
word that replaces taboo word. example, jonh for toilet. Time of the month for period.
monitor hypothesis (krashen)
when teacher hears student with his utterance (spoken language) and corrects errors. This hypothesis focuses on accuracy rather than fluency.
utterance
the action of saying something outloud
natural order hypothesis (krashen)
students learn grammatical structures at their own pace. Some students may learn things earlier than others, teacher can't really accelerate it. Learning occurs in a natural order
acquisition-learning hypothesis (krashen)
acquisition: subconscious acceptance of knowledge where information is stored in the brain through the use of communication.
Learning: conscious acceptance of info. Example, grammar. You choose to learn it.
input hypothesis (krashen)
i + 1 ; learning happens when learners receive messages that they can understand
affective filter hypothesis (krashen)
creating a motivating and welcoming environment in which students feel safe when making mistakes in their learning
reading hypothesis (krashen)
the more we read in target language, the greater our vocabulary will become
sapir-wharf hypothesis
studnets' world view influences their cognitive processes
Chrome ice
Time perception
Jargon
Words specific for a select group of people; ELL, PTA, STAAR, TELPAS
Ethnocentrism
When people believe their culture or race is superior
Collectivist cultures
Working with others and cooperating with each other
Individualist cultures
Promotes individual achievements; promotes "I"
Subtractive bilingualism
When students no longer use L1 in new environment
Notional-functional approach
Focuses on communicative goals within discourse
Intonation
Pitch contour of a phrase or sentence
Stress
When a word or syllable receives primary stress
Extra time
Accommodation used for high-stakes testing or content-area exams
Lau v. Nichols
Chinese; all equal isn't equal; textbooks for all isn't fair; offer accommodations and resources for ELL students
Plyer vs. Doe
Students receive education even if they're illegal
Castaneda v. Pickard
Bilingual education-for ELL programs to be evaluated
Cummins
BICS and CALP
Chomsky -innatism
Human beings are born with pre-disposition to learn language.
Separate systems hypothesis
Bilingual students build a distinct lexicon and grammar for each language
Creole
Begins as pidgin and eventually becomes native language of a speech community
Rebus principle
Picture to represent a word. Picture of bee to represent the verb be
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