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Psych 150 Exam #2

Terms in this set (77)

How differences in left hemispheric activity relate to personality differences
Left Hemisphere (routine): positive/approach
- Damage can lead to depression
* more activity in LH...
How differences in right hemispheric activity relate to personality differences
Right Hemisphere (novel): negative/avoid
- Damage can lead to mania
* more activity in RH...
How variations in hormone levels relate to personality differences
- High levels of cortisol are associated with depression and long-term memory loss
Phenotype
Observable expression of the genotype (e.g. blue eyes)
Genotype
An individual's inherited genetic material (e.g. a person who has inherited the blue eye gene but don't have blue eyes)
Describe at least 1 method for studying heritability
- Twin Studies
- Studies comparing identical and fraternal twins with each other and other family members
- Hypothesis: Identical twins more similar than fraternal. If not, genetic contribution smaller
Easy baby
Playful, adapt easily, regular bio functions
Difficult baby
Irritable, irregular, respond negatively to new situations
Slow to warm up baby
Low activity level, calmly withdraw, slow to adapt
One piece of evidence in support of the idea that biology can be influenced by experience
...
Dominant allele
The expressed allele in the event of two alleles for a trait
Recessive allele
The non-expressed allele in the event of two alleles for a trait
Heritability
The extent to which the variation in a trait for a population can be attributed to genetic differences
Temperament
Innate individual differences in emotional and behavioral response to the environment; stable across situation and time
Goodness of fit
The degree to which the demands and expectations of a social environment support or are compatible with a child's temperament
Know the differences between cultures that vary with regard to complexity
- How much information is produced and exchanged?
- Indexed by...
- Percent urban
-
-
Know the differences between cultures that vary with regard to tightness
- To what extent are norms imposed?
- To what extent are deviations from norms tolerated?
- Looseness
- Heterogeneous
- Low population density
- Low dependence on others
Know the differences between cultures that vary with regard to values
- Collectivist
- Needs of the group is placed before the individual
- Simple and tight cultures
- Individualist
- Needs of individuals before the group
Finding supporting the idea that personality varies by culture
Tightness-Looseness: Inhibition
- Adolescents in tight cultures are less likely to engage in risky behaviors such as experimenting with alcohol, tobacco, physical, violence, or sex
One explanation for cross-cultural differences
- Cold climates → low violence
- Warm climates → very high violence
- Extremely hot climates → moderately high violence
One caveat questioning the idea that culture is a monolithic external factor influencing human behavior
- Culture influences people but people also influence culture/ Culture is constantly changing- we contribute to the change
- People participate in culture to varying degrees
- Cultures are not homogenous
2 ways that parents may shape their child's personality
- Constructing certain environments for their children (e.g. picking their friends)
- Conditions of worth
- " I love you only if you win this soccer game"
- Parents are models so we copy what they do
- Attachment style
- Parenting style
Four Parenting Styles
1. Authoritarian
2. Permissive
3. Authoritative
4. Rejecting-Neglecting
Authoritarian
- Low warmth
- High control
- Children often lack spontaneity and intellectual curiosity, low in social and academic competence
Permissive
- High warmth
- Low control
- Children are often immature, struggle with impulsive control, accepting responsibility for actions, independence; low in school achievement; drug/alcohol abuse
Authoritative
- High warmth
- High control
- Children are often self-reliant, self controlled, curious, popular, academically competent
Rejecting- Neglecting
- Low warmth
- Low control
- Children have disturbed attachment relationships, trouble with peer relationships, anti-social, depression, substance use
At least one finding regarding how personality differences in friendships shape relationship functioning
- Extrovert and extrovert friendships: increase in conflict
- In an extrovert/introvert friendship, the introvert reports conflict
Be able to describe at least one finding describing a benefit to personality mismatch in friendship
- Extroverts are more likely to tell a story.
- Extroverts enjoy being an a introvert/extrovert friendship because they find a great listener in their friend (introvert)
Six Love Styles
1. Storge
2. Eros
3. Ludus
4. Pragma
5. Mania
6. Agape
Storge
Relationships slowly evolving out of friendship
Eros
Passionate, physical love (i.e. love at first sight)
Ludus
Playful, sometimes harmful love (engaging in witty banter; not clear the extent of relationship)
Pragma
Pragmatic, sensible, involving conditions (have certain criteria for their partner)
Mania
Obsessive, oscillating love (ups and downs)
Agape
Selfless, sacrificing altruistic love (e.g. Titanic)
Be able to describe at least one way in which attachment status contributes to romantic relationship dynamics
- Avoidant fear intimacy; Avoidant preferred avoidant
- Secure and ambivalent preferred ambivalent over avoidant
Know how the Big 5 relate to romantic relationship satisfaction
- Relationship Satisfaction positively correlates with...
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Agreeableness
- Relationship Dissolution when...
- High in Neuroticism
- High in Extraversion
Propinquity
Proximity promotes attraction: you fall for people you interact with regularity (a result of the mere exposure effect)
The Mere Exposure Effect
Just seeing a person increases the probability of you liking the person
Self-Expansion Theory
People seek to expand their sense of who they are; think they benefit from partners who are different from them
Be able to describe two ways in which people's personalities have been found to change as they get older
- Openness decreases with age
- Agreeableness increases between 60-83
Four Types of Continuity
1. Absolute
2. Differential
3. Structural
4. Ipsative
Absolute Continuity
Level of an entity remains stable
Differential Continuity
Position in group remains stable
Structural Continuity
Correlations between entities maintained
Ipsative Continuity
Intra-individual stability
(If you rate chocolate as a 10 at age 5 and rate chocolate as 10 at age 20)
Know the three person-environment transactions
1. Reactive transactions
2. Evocative transactions
3. Proactive Transactions
Reactive Transactions
Different people may interpret, experience, and react differently to the same situation
Evocative Transactions
Personality evokes distinctive responses
Proactive Transactions
Different people select or create different environments (spaces, activities, relationships)
Be able to list at least two factors that can contribute to personality change
1. Biosocial transitions: absolute change, but rank order consistency
Ex. Becoming a parent → everyone becomes more conscious

2. History
- Between 1950 to 1985
- Increases in individualistic attitudes
- Decreases in social conformity
Multifinality
There are many paths from a single starting point
Equifinality
There are many paths to a single outcome
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
- As you get older, goals shift to things that make you happy
- Narrowing of social interaction to maximize positive impact
- Shift from knowledge relates goals (career planning) to emotion related goals ( satisfying interactions)
Paranoid Disorder
Suspicious, secretive, hostile, reluctant to confide, hold grudges, jealous
Schizoid Disorder
Do not desire or enjoy social relationships, aloof, few pleasures, indifference to criticism or praise
Schizotypal Disorder
Magical thinking, peculiar speech, odd appearance, inappropriate affect, ideas of reference, flat affect
Borderline Disorder
Impulsivity, relationship and mood instability, argumentative, irritable, quick to take offense, no clear sense of self, can't be alone, chronic depression
Histrionic Disorder
Overly dramatic, attention seeking, self-centered, inappropriately provocative, shallow
Narcissistic Disorder
Preoccupied with fantasies of great success, require constant attention and admiration, believe only special of high status people can understand them, entitled, sensitive to criticism, afraid of failure, don't allow people to get close
Anti-Social Disorder
Inconsistent work, break laws, irritable, physically aggressive, reckless, impulsive, little remorse
Psychopathy Disorder
Poverty of emotions, no shame, superficially charming, thrill seeking
Avoidant Disorder
Fearful of criticism or rejection or disapproval, reluctant to enter relationships, believe self to be incompetent
Dependent Disorder
Lack of self-confidence, view self as weak, feel uncomfortable alone, need to be taken care of
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Perfectionistic, pre-occupied with details and rules and schedules, decision making, stubborn, serious, formal, have trouble letting go
Psychodynamic
- Making conscious the unconscious
- Free association
- Dream interpretation
- Resuming and complete growth
Humanistic
- Active listening
- Reflection
- Therapeutic climate
- Genuineness
- Unconditional positive regard
- Empathic understanding
CBT
- Identifying and replacing maladaptive thoughts
- Systematic desensitization
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy
- Client-centered empathy, acceptance, and CBT
- Major aims
- Mindfulness
- Distress tolerance
- Radical acceptance (accepting the client as is but trying to change them at the same time)
Gestalt Therapy
- Humanistic and Existential
- People are good
- People create their own existence
- People can change
- Stagnation not tolerated
- Techniques
- Focus on here and now
- Cajoled, coerced into focus on present
- "I" language: change "it" to "I"
- Assuming responsibility
- Shift from passive to present
- The empty chair
- Talking to a feeling, object, situation, or person
- Helps confront rather than distance
- Attention to nonverbal cues
- Tone of voice
- Posture
- Gesture
- Facial expression
Magical Thinking
A belief that your thoughts or actions have more power than they actually do
Ideas of reference
When you think there is a secret message for you (in a newspaper for example)
Diathesis Stress
Some disorders you have a biological predisposition for it but it only reveals itself in certain environments
- Biological predisposition
- Genetic
- Brain activity: low frontal lobe, high amygdala
- Serotonin system functioning
- Home environment of invalidation leads to see it more
Invalidation
Thoughts, feelings get dismissed; unimportant; doesn't matter
Be able to explain at least one way in which differences in life stories have been linked with personality differences
- Structure
- Linked with TAT
- Power/Achievement: differences, separations, oppositions
- Intimacy: integrated, similarities, connections
Be able to explain at least one way in which differences in small stories have been linked with personality differences
- Thorne (1987)
Introversion/Introversion: serious, focused (problem talk, topic focus)

Extroversion/Extroversion: upbeat, expansive (pleasure talk, compliments, agreement, reach)

Introversion/Extroversion: moderate focus (extroverts bent more)
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