Physiology Test 4

Term
1 / 128
Stimuli for the activation of the RAAS pathway include
A) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron.
B) a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
C) high blood pressure in the renal artery.
D) (both "a" and "b")
E) (both "a", "b", and "c")
Click the card to flip 👆
Terms in this set (128)
Stimuli for the activation of the RAAS pathway include
A) low blood pressure in arterioles in the nephron.
B) a decrease in fluid flow through the distal tubule.
C) high blood pressure in the renal artery.
D) (both "a" and "b")
E) (both "a", "b", and "c")
D) (both "a" and "b")
The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
A) angiotensin.
B) epinephrine.
C) erythropoietin.
D) insulin.
E) testosterone.
A) angiotensin
Aldosterone
A) is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood.
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
C) helps decrease blood volume.
D) increases the concentration of sodium in urine.
E) functions in pH regulation
B) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys
A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion concentration of the blood is
a. somatotropin.
b. aldosterone.
c. cortisol.
d. parathormone.
e. thymosin.
b. aldosterone
Paracrine feedback from the ________ in the distal tubule to the granular cells stimulates release of ________.

a. macula densa, renin
b. macula densa, angiotensin converting enzyme
c. aquaporings, vasopressin
d. glomerulus, aldosterone
a. macula densa, renin
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by enzymes primarily located in the

a. lungs.
b. blood vessels.
c. kidneys.
d. liver.
e. heart.
...
Which of the following is NOT true about angiotensin II?
A) increases cardiac output
B) activates parasympathetic output
C) is a potent vasoconstrictor
D) elevates blood pressure
E) stimulates thirst
B) activates parasympathetic output
Angiotensin II
A) stimulates thirst only.
B) causes widespread vasoconstriction throughout the body only.
C) causes the synthesis and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.
D) (both "a" and "b")
E) (both "a", "b", and "c")
E) (both "a", "b", and "c")
Drugs that treat hypertension by preventing Angiotensin I from becoming Angiotensin II are called
A) ACE inhibitors.
B) beta blockers.
C) adrenergic antagonists.
D) Calcium channel blockers.
A) ACE inhibitors.
Explain the 4 steps in the RAAS pathway
1. Granular cells in the renal afferent arteriole secrete the enzyme renin in response to low blood pressure
2. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin(I)
3. Angiotensin(I) is converted to Angiotensin(II) by ACE
4. Angiotensin(II) reaches the adrenal gland, stimulates aldosterone release causing renal reabsorption of Na+ and other effects.
What effects does Angiotensin (II) have on the following? 1. Blood vessels 2. Cardiac Output 3. Vasopressin 4. Aldosterone1. Vasoconstriction 2. Increase of CO and raising blood pressure 3. Increased vasopressin release 4. Increased aldosterone levels and raised amount of Na+ reabosorptionMr. Gregory comes to the doctor with high blood pressure. Tests show that he also has elevated levels of renin in his blood and atherosclerotic plaques that have nearly blocked blood flow through his renal arteries. Mr. Gregory is puzzled. Explain to him how decreased blood flow in his renal arteries could cause renin secretion to increase. Map the pathways through which elevated renin causes high blood pressure for Mr. Gregory.Atherosclerotic plaques block blood flow the renal arteries which decreases the blood pressure in them which is a signal for renin to be released.Mucus functions in a. protection and lubrication. b. lubrication only. c. enzyme activation only. d. protection, lubrication, and enzyme activation. e. protection only.a. protection and lubrication.In the body, 80% of all lymphocytes, a type of immune system cell, are thought to be present in the a. appendix. b. large intestine. c. small intestine. d. mouth. e. stomach.c. small intestineA. appendix B. colon C. duodenum D. ileum E. jejunum section where chyme is processed to remove water and electrolytes, leaving waste products of digestionB. ColonA. pancreas B. pylorus C. rectum D. small intestine E. stomach chyme is released from hereE. stomachA. pancreas B. pylorus C. rectum D. small intestine E. stomach organ where most digestion occursD. small intestineRugae, plicae, and villi are all features that accomplish a. immune function. b. secretion of hormones. c. mechanical digestion. d. secretion of enzymes. e. an increase in surface area.e. an increase in surface area.A. pancreas B. pylorus C. rectum D. small intestine E. stomach organ that adds exocrine secretions to the duodenum via a ductA. pancreasWhich of the following statements is true? a. Fructose moves across the apical membrane by active transport. b. Glucose and galactose use different transporters in absorption. c. A basolateral GLUT5 transporter moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelial cell. d. Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na+-glucose SGLT symporter. e. None of the statements are true.d. Glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical Na+-glucose SGLT symporter.A. enzymes B. HCl C. HCO3 - D. mucus E. more than one of these parietal cellsB. HClA. enzymes B. HCl C. HCO3 - D. mucus E. more than one of these goblet cellsD. mucusIn the digestive system, HCl is released by ________, whereas HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ________. a. parietal cells of the stomach, liver b. parietal cells of the stomach, pancreas c. the pancreas, parietal cells of the stomach d. the liver, parietal cells of the stomachb. parietal cells of the stomach, pancreasBile salts aid in the digestion of fats by ________ large fat droplets. a. synthesizing b. hydrolyzing c. deaminating e. emulsifyinge. emulsifyingThe enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides is a. lipase. b. amylase. c. carbonic anhydrase. d. pepsin.b. amylase.Bile is a. secreted by hepatocytes and manufactured by the gallbladder. b. secreted by hepatocytes only. c. manufactured by the gallbladder only. d. secreted by hepatocytes, manufactured by the gallbladder, and released into the stomach. e. released into the stomach only.b. secreted by hepatocytes only.Maltose is broken down by maltase into a. two molecules of glucose. b. two molecules of fructose. c. glucose and galactose. d. fructose and glucose.a. two molecules of glucose.A. enzymes B. HCl C. HCO3 - D. mucus E. more than one of these brush borderA. enzymesWhen eaten, nearly 90% of our dietary calories from fat are in the form of a. triglycerides. b. phospholipids. c. fat-soluble vitamins. d. cholesterol. e. steroids.a. triglycerides.Digestion of a carbohydrate results in large amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This carbohydrate was probably a. lactose. b. sucrose. c. cellulose. d. maltose. e. glycogen.a. lactose.Most products of fat digestion are absorbed by a. arterioles. b. veins. c. capillaries. d. lymphatic vessels.d. lymphatic vessels.Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with digestion of a. fat. b. carbohydrates. c. protein. d. nucleic acids. e. vitamins and minerals.a. fat.The ________ is a significant site of absorption of water and electrolytes, but NOT of nutrients. a. large intestine b. mouth c. stomach d. small intestine e. None of the answers are correct.a. large intestineAmylases, the enzymes used to digest carbohydrates, are secreted by a. salivary glands into the mouth and gastric glands into the stomach. b. salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine. c. the pancreas into the intestine only. d. salivary glands into the mouth only. e. gastric glands into the stomach onlyb. salivary glands into the mouth and the pancreas into the intestine.The primary complex carbohydrate ingested and digested by people is a. cellulose. b. glucose. c. starch. d. fructose.c. starch.Intestinal crypts a. only carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries. b. only increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine. c. only produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. d. only function in the absorption of nutrients. e. increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine and produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestinee. increase the surface area of the mucosa of the small intestine and produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine________ are tiny droplets of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts. a. Phospholipids b. Triglycerides c. Micelles d. Chylomicronsc. MicellesThe primary products of protein digestion are _______, which can be absorbed. a. free amino acids b. tripeptides c. dipeptides d. free amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptidesd. free amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides________ is a protein cofactor that is secreted by the pancreas and that allows lipases to access fats inside the bile coating. a. Lysozyme b. Peptidase c. Colipase d. Bilec. ColipaseVitamin ________ must be complexed with a protein called ________ to be absorbed from the small intestine. a. B12, intrinsic factor b. E, intrinsic factor c. C, heme d. D, hemea. B12, intrinsic factor1. Bile salts coat fat droplets. 2. Cholesterol is transported into cells. 3. Chylomicrons are formed. 4. Chylomicrons are released into lymphatic system. 5. Monoglycerides and fatty acids move out of micelles. 6. Pancreatic lipase and colipase break down fats. a. 6, 3, 4, 1, 2, 5 b. 1, 6, 5, 2, 3, 4 c. 2, 6, 5, 1, 3, 4 d. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5b. 1, 6, 5, 2, 3, 4Bile is produced in the ________ and stored in the ________. a. pancreas, gallbladder b. liver, gallbladder c. gallbladder, small intestine d. spleen, pancreasb. liver, gallbladderMechanical digestion refers to a. the enzymatic breakdown of food. b. the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation. c. the absorption of nutrients in the gut. d. the input of food into the digestive tract. e. the progressive dehydration of indigestible residueb. the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation.Chemical digestion refers to a. the progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. b. the enzymatic breakdown of food. c. the effects of chewing, churning, and segmentation. d. the absorption of nutrients in the gut. e. the input of food into the digestive tract.b. the enzymatic breakdown of food.Nutrient absorption occurs primarily in the a. stomach and small intestine. b. small intestine. c. large intestine. d. stomach. e. liver.b. small intestineFat digestion is carried out by the enzyme ________, which breaks down triglyceride into ________. a. bile, three monoglycerides b. lipase, two fatty acids and one monoglyceride c. peptidase, three fatty acids and a glycerol d. amylase, one fatty acid and a diglycerideb. lipase, two fatty acids and one monoglycerideA. gastrin B. cholecystokinin C. secretin D. motilin E. gastric inhibitory peptide stimulates bile releaseB. cholecystokininIn response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid a. rich in enzymes. b. rich in bile. c. that contains only amylase. d. that contains only proteinases. e. rich in bicarbonate.a. rich in enzymes.In response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the blood levels of a. enterocrinin fall. b. gastrin rise. c. secretin rise. d. cholecystokinin fall. e. All of these answers are correctc. secretin riseDuring the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, a. production of gastric juice slows down. b. there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomach. c. the intestine reflexively inhibits gastric emptying. d. the stomach responds to distention. e. secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells.b. there is an increased flow of action potentials along the vagus nerve to the stomachIn response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid a. rich in enzymes. b. rich in bile. c. rich in bicarbonate. d. that contains only proteases. e. that contains only amylase.c. rich in bicarbonate.The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by a. the release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine. b. the entry of chyme into the large intestine. c. the sight, thought, or smell of food. d. the entry of chyme into the small intestine. e. the entry of food into the stomach.e. the entry of food into the stomach.Chief cells secrete a. hydrochloric acid. b. intrinsic factor. c. gastrin. d. pepsinogen. e. mucus.a. pepsinogenA. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine Protein digestion begins here.B. stomachFunctions of the large intestine include a. absorption of the products of digestion. b. chemical digestion of chyme. c. resorption of water and compaction of feces. d. temporary food storage. e. All of these answers are correct.c. resorption of water and compaction of feces.During defecation, a. stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate both sympathetic and parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord. b. the external anal sphincter contracts. c. stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate sympathetic centers in the spinal cord. d. stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord. e. the internal anal sphincter is consciously relaxed.d. stretch receptors in the rectal wall activate parasympathetic centers in the spinal cord.A. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine Carbohydrate digestion is completed here.D. small intestineA. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine Protein digestion is completed here.D. small intestine________ is intestinal gas produced by bacteria in the colon during the metabolism of undigestible carbohydrates. a. Flatus b. Oxygen c. Diarrhea d. Carbon dioxidea. FlatusDigestion is essentially completed in the a. large intestine. b. small intestine. c. mouth. d. stomachb. small intestine.A. mouth B. stomach C. rectum D. small intestine E. large intestine Fat digestion is completed here.D. small intestineDefine digestion:The chemical and mechanical breakdown of foods into smaller units that can be taken across the intestinal epithelium into the bodyWhat is the difference between digestion and metabolism?Digestion takes place in the GI tract lumen, which is external to the body systems. Metabolism takes place in the body's internal environment.What is the difference between absorption and secretion?Absorption moves material from the GI lumen into the ECF; secretion moves substances from cells/ECF into the lumen. ie: sodium is moved out of collecting duct and potassium is secreted into it in exchangeName the structures a piece of food passes through as it travels from mouth to anusMouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum,), large intestine, anusWhy is the digestive system associated with the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body?GI has a huge surface area that is open to the external environment on both ends thus it needs immune cells to combat invaders.Why are some sphincters of the digestive system tonically contracted?To close off the GI tract from the external environmentDo bile salts digest triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids?No, bile salts are only emulsifiers so lipase can digest themList the actions of CCK (cholecystokinin) on the digestive system and explain how these function coordinate to promote fat digestion-Slows gastric motility and acid secretion Slowing gastric motility gives the intestine more time to digest fats. Decreasing acid secretion delays movement of chyme from stomach to intestine -Promotes pancreatic enzyme/bile release Important because bile from gallbladder and pancreatic lipase (enzyme)/colipase are necessary for fat digestion -Promotes intestinal motility Important because it ensures that bile salts can emulsify fats and micelles will get adequate exposure to brushborder enzymesIn secretory diarrhea, epithelial cells in the intestinal villi may be damaged or slough off. In these cases, would it be better to use an oral rehydration containing glucose or sucrose?Damage to epithelial cells means that brush border sucrase may be less effective/absent. In this case, sucrose digestion would be impaired so it would be better to use glucose because this sugar does not need to be digested before being absorbed.Hormones secreted directly by the gastrointestinal tract (excluding the secondary organs) include __________.Gastrin, secretin, CCKTaste receptors in the gut: how does the gut "know" what's in a meal?Epithelial cells in the gut express some proteins that are the same as in taste buds, indicating they may be able to "taste" different kinds of mealsPut the following enzymes involved in the digestion of proteins in the correct order: a) trypsin b) carboxypeptidase c) pepsin d) intracellular proteasesc, a, b, dMotility in the small intestine is increased by __________distension and gastrinWhich of the following carbohydrates can be absorbed in the human GI tract? a. Glucose, lactose, and maltose b. lactose c. maltose d. cellulose e. glucosee. glucoseThe functions of the liver include __________. a. protein synthesis b. all answers c. cholesterol synthesis d. dysfunctional RBC destructionb. allThe secretion of pancreatic juice is stimulated by __________. a. chloecystokinin (CCK) b. gastrin and secretin c. H+ ions in the duodenum d. secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and H+ ions in the duodenum e. secretin f. gastrind. secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and H+ ions in the duodenumWhat are the three components in a chylomicron?Cholesterol, triglycerides, proteinGametes are produced by a. gonads. b. external genitalia. c. sex chromosomes. d. autosomes. e. internal genitalia.a. gonads.Egg and sperm cells have a. 23 chromosomes. b. 46 chromosomes and 23 chromosomes. c. just 22 pairs of autosomes plus one pair of sex chromosomes. d. 46 chromosomes, 23 chromosomes, and 22 pairs of autosomes plus one pair of sex chromosomes. e. 46 chromosomes.a. 23 chromosomes.The male gamete is called a a. sperm. b. prostate. c. penis. d. testis.a. sperm.The female gonad is called a(n) a. uterus. b. ovary. c. vagina. d. egg.b. ovaryThe fertilized egg is properly referred to as a(n) ________. a.blastocyst b. zygote c. embryo d. fetusb. zygoteAromatase Aromatase a. enhances one's response to all signals. b. makes one more sensitive to the smell of others. c. is an enzyme that inactivates sexual signals after they are smelled. d. is an enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens.d. is an enzyme that converts androgens to estrogens.A. haploid B. diploid mature sperm or eggA. haploidThe role of the pituitary hormone FSH in males is to a. stimulate the Sertoli cells to produce inhibin. b. initiate sperm production in the testes. c. stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone. d. develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics. e. influence sexual behaviors and sex drive.b. initiate sperm production in the testes.A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After the individual grows to maturity, one would expect that he would a. be impotent. b. have impaired function of the interstitial cells. c. be sterile. d. not develop secondary sex characteristics. e. produce large amounts of inhibin.c. be sterile.A male body builder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After three weeks, which of the following would you expect to observe? a. decreased levels of FSH b. increased sex drive c. decreased levels of LH d. decreased levels of GnRH e. All of the observationse. All of the observationsA normal sperm count ranges from ________ spermatozoa per milliliter. a. 20 to 100 million b. 1 to 10 million c. 20 to 100 thousand d. 100 to 250 thousanda. 20 to 100 millionIf the ovaries were removed from an otherwise healthy 20-year-old female, which of the following would you expect to see? a. increased blood levels of FSH b. cessation of menstruation c. increased blood levels of GnRH d. increased blood levels of LH e. All of these observationse. All of these observationsDo # 13 in masteringWhich of the following occurs during days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle? a. secretory phase b. proliferative phase c. menstruation d. ovulationa. secretory phaseThe principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is a.progesterone. b.estrogen. c.estradiol. d.FSH. e. LH.a.progesterone.Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the level(s) of a. FSH. b. LH. c. relaxin. d.estrogen and progesterone. e.human chorionic gonadotropin.d.estrogen and progesterone.In the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the ovary is a. undergoing atresia. b. forming a corpus luteum. c. releasing a mature egg. d. maturing a follicle. e. secreting progesterone.d. maturing a follicle.In the late follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, LH is ________ FSH. a. less than b. greater than c. equal tob. greater thanThe average length of the menstrual cycle is a. 35 days. b. 10 days. c. 21 days. d. 14 days. e. 28 days.e. 28 days.During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, progesterone is ________ estrogen. a. equal to b. greater than c. less thanb. greater than________ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the endometrium. a. Ovulation b.Parturition c.Orgasm d.Menstruationd.MenstruationThe ________ is the inner lining of the uterus. a. endometrium b. menses c. follicle d. myometriuma. endometriumWhich of the following occurs during an erection? a.The parasympathetic nervous system dilates the arteries going into the penis. b.Blood fills the corpora spongiosum, causing it to engorge. c.The sympathetic nervous system constricts the veins leaving the penis. d.The veins of the corpora cavernosa dilate.a.The parasympathetic nervous system dilates the arteries going into the penis.Emission is defined as a. failure to achieve ejaculation. b. engorgement of the penis. c. movement of sperm out of the penis. d. movement of sperm into the urethra. e. loss of erection following orgasm.d. movement of sperm into the urethra.A vasectomy prevents which of the following? a. spermatogenesis b. formed sperm from entering ejaculate c. erection d. ejaculation and spermatogenesis e. ejaculationb. formed sperm from entering ejaculateDuring gestation, powerful uterine contractions are suppressed by elevated levels of a. prostaglandins. b. estrogen. c. oxytocin. d. progesterone. e. All of the answers are correct.d. progesteroneThe corpus luteum in a nonpregnant woman usually lasts about a. 3 months. b. 12 days. c. 3 days. d. 28 days. e. 7 days.b. 12 days.The hormone primarily responsible for the milk let-down reflex is a. oxytocin. b. progesterone. c. estrogen. d. prolactin. e. growth hormone.a. oxytocin.Sperm cannot fertilize an egg until they a. undergo decapitation. b. lose their acrosome. c. undergo activation. d. are in the vagina for 3 days. e. undergo capacitatione. undergo capacitationThe hormone that is the basis for a pregnancy test is a. LH. b. human placental lactogen (hPL). c. progesterone. d. relaxin. e. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).e. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).The hormone primarily responsible for milk synthesis is a. prolactin. b. estrogen. c. oxytocin. d. progesterone. e. growth hormone.a. prolactin.Parturition is the process of a. egg and sperm meeting. b. releasing an egg. c. producing milk. d. giving birth.d. giving birth.Sally is an avid jogger and she trains incessantly. She has slimmed down so that she is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue. You would expect Sally to a. have painful menstrual cramps. b. have heavy menstrual flows. c. show elevated levels of FSH. d. double ovulate. e. be amenorrheic.e. be amenorrheic.Name the male and female gonads and gametesGonads Male: testes Female: ovaries Gametes: Male: sperm Female: eggWhat does aromatase do?Converts androgens to estrogensName the hypothalamic and anterior pituitary hormones that control reproductionHypothalamic: GnRH Anterior pituitary: FSH and LHExplain why the use of exogenous anabolic steroids might shrink a man's testes and make him temporarily infertileThey shut down FSH and LH secretion. In response the testes shrink and stop producing sperm, rendering the man infertileName the phases of the ovarian cycle and corresponding phases of the uterine cycleOvarian: Follicular phase, Ovulation, Luteal phase Uterine Cycle: Menses and proliferative phase correspond to follicular phase and ovulation, secretory uterine phase aligns with luteal phaseWhat side effects would you predict in female athletes who take anabolic steroids to build muscles?May grow facial hair and body hair, deepening of voice, increased libido, and irregular menstrual cycleAromatase converts testosterone to estrogen. What would happen to the ovarian cycle of a woman given aromatase inhibitor?Decreased estrogen productionOn what day of the menstrual cycle will a woman with the following cycle lengths ovulate? a. 28 days b. 23 c. 31a. (28-14) Day 14 b. (23-14) Day 9 c. (31-14) Day 17List the functions of the gonads. How do the products of gonadal function differ in males and females?Gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones. Females: gamete is the egg and the gonadal hormones are estrogen and progesterone some androgens and inhibin Males: gamete is the sperm and the gonadal hormones are androgens and inhibinDefine each and describe significance to reproduction: a. aromatase b. blood-testis barrier e. acrosomea. aromatase: converts androgens to estrogens b. blood-testis barrier: tight junctions that prevent free movement of substances between blood and seminiferous tubule lumen e. acrosome: lysosome structure in the head of a sperm that contains enzymes essential for fertilizationTrue or false, justify your answer 1. All testosterone is produced in the testesFalse; some is produced in the adrenal gland of both sexesTrue or false; justify 2. Each sex hormone is produced only by members of one sexFalse; females produce androgens, both sexes produce themTrue or false; justify 3. Anabolic steroid use appears to be addictive, and withdrawal symptoms include psychological disordersTrueTrue or false; justify 4. High levels of estrogen in the late follicular phase help prepare the uterus for menstruationFalse; high levels of late follicular estrogen help prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovumTrue or false; justify 5. Progesterone is the dominant hormone of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycleTrueWhat is semen? What are its main components, and where are they produced?A sperm-fluid mixture made mostly by accessory glands.Compare the actions of the following hormones in males and females: 1. FSH 2. Inhibin 3. Activin 4. GnRH 5. LH 7. Estrogen 8. Testosterone 9. ProgesteroneFemale 1. FSH: Stimulates gamete production 2. Inhibin: inhibits FSH 3. Activin: stimulates FSH secretion 4. GnRH: stimulates release of FSH and LH 5. LH: Stimulates gonadal sex hormone production. In females also necessary for egg maturation 7. Estrogen: Both sexes have it, dominant in females; gamete formation and some secondary characteristics 8. Testosterone: Secondary sex traits 9. Progesterone: helps prepare the uterus for pregnancy Male 1. FSH: stimulates gamete production 2. Inhibin: inhibits FSH 3. Activin: stimulates FSH secretion 4. GnR: stimulates release of FSH and LH 5. LH: Stimulates gonadal sex hormone production 6. DHT: Testosterone metabolite responsible for fetal development of male genitalia 7. Estrogen: Both sexes have it 8. Testosterone: Gamete formation and secondary sex traits 9. Progesterone: females only