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psych

Terms in this set (57)

continuity
• Absolute- level of an entity remains stable
• Differential- position in the group
• Structural- correlations between entities maintained
• Ipsative- intra-individual stability (rates love of chocolate ice-cream the same at 30 and 3)
Absolute
level of an entity remains stable
Differential-
position in the group
Structural
correlations between entities maintained
Ipsative
intra-individual stability (rates love of chocolate ice-cream the same at 30 and 3)
three person-environment transactions
Reactive- different people may interpret, experience and react differently to the same situation
Evocative- personality evokes distinctive responses from others (resting bitch face)
Proactive- different people select or create different environments (spaces, activities, relationships)
Proactive
Proactive- different people select or create different environments (spaces, activities, relationships)
Evocative
Evocative- personality evokes distinctive responses from others (resting bitch face)
Reactive
Reactive- different people may interpret, experience and react differently to the same situation
describe how differences in hemispheric activity relate to personality differences
• Right
o Negative/avoid (emotions)
o Damage can lead to mania→ related to impulsivity
• Left
o Positive/approach (emotions)
o Heightened activity in RH more anger???
o Damage can lead to depression
• Found different activity levels n each hemisphere of brain that an lead to personality differences
Be able to provide at
provide at least one example of how variations in hormone and neurotransmitter levels relate to personality differences
• Serotonin
o Social, affiliate behavior
o Mood, irritability, impulsivity
o Low levels associated with depression
• Slow down reuptake with anti-depression to help
• Testosterone
o Dominance, competitiveness, aggression
describe at least 1 method for studying heritability
• Twin studies
o Studies comparing identical and fraternal twins with each other and other family members
o Hypothesis: identical twins more similar than fraternal. If not, gen. contribution smaller
• Heritability for personality 40-50%
describe the differences between easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm up babies
• Easy
o Playful, regular bio functions, adapt easily
• Difficult
o Irritable, irregular, respond intensely and negatively to new situations
• Slow-to-warm-up babies
o Low activity level, calmly withdrawn, slow to adapt
differences between cultures that vary with regard to complexity, tightness, and values (with regard to individualism vs. collectivism)
Complexity:
Tightness/looseness
• to what extent are norms imposed? To what extent are deviations from norms tolerated?
• Looseness (see it more when):
o Heterogeneous (diverse)
o Low population density
o Low dependence on others
Values:
Individualism:
• Needs of individual placed before group
• "Squeaky wheel gets the grease"
Collectivism:
• Needs of group placed before individual
• "The nail that stands out gets pounded down"
• Simple and tight cultures
Cross-cultural diff in selfhood:
• Interdependent: behavior explained in terms of social obligations
• Independent: behavior explained in terms of individualized traits
• Collectivistic
o Environment is fixed, self is fluid
• Individualist
o Self is fixed, environment is fluid
o Motivated to be unique
to provide at least one finding supporting the idea that personality varies by culture
• Tightness-looseness: Inhibition
o Compared with adolescence in loose cultures, adolescence in tight cultures are less likely to engage in risky behaviors such as experimenting with alcohol, tobacco, physical, violence, or sexual intercourse
provide one caveat questioning the idea that culture is a monolithic external factor influencing human behavior
Caveat #1: people participate in culture to varying degrees (Jewish→ torah)
list at least 2 ways that parents may shape their child's personality
Genetic contribution
Attachment patterns
• Securely attached- more confident, positive, have more positive social expectations
• Insecurely attached- whiny, unpopular, aggressive, withdrawn
• Parental warmth- emotional discussion associated with quality of peer relationships
Parents as models:
• Bandoras bobo dolls
• Observational learning: learn from watching; and desensitization
four parenting styles
Authoritative
Authoritarian:
Authoritative
• High warmth: responsive, considers Childs perspective
• High control: high standards, expect respect of limits, explain reasoning of rules
• Children are often self-reliant, self-controlled, curious, follow rules because understand them, popular, academically competent
Authoritarian:
• Low warmth: rarely initiate interactions, unresponsive
• High control: emphasis obedience, use punishment to curb behavior
• Children often lack spontaneity and intellectual curiosity, low in social and academic competence
• Cultural variation in parenting styles
o Authoritarian parenting has a few negative effects for Chinese American children
o Auth. Parent. Associated with positive developmental outcomes for low- income African American families
Permissive
• High warmth: responsive
• Low control: leave kids to own devises either because they believe that's how they should learn or because neglectful, lenient
• Children often immature, struggle with impulse control, accepting responsibility for actions, independence, low in school achievement, abuse drug/alcohol
Rejecting neglecting-
• Low warmth: Not supportive (focused on own needs)
• Low control: don't set limits, rejecting, neglectful
• Children have distrustful attachment relationships, trouble with peer relationships, anti social, depression, substance use
describe at least one finding regarding how personality differences in friendships shape relationship functioning
• Differences in extroversion are associated with more conflict
• Differences in conscientiousness not related to conflict
Be able to describe at least one finding describing a benefit to personality mismatch in friendship
...
6 love styles
• Storage: slowly evolve out of friendship
• Eros: Passionate, physical love
• Ludus: playful, sometimes harmful love
• Pragma: pragmatic, sensible, involving conditions
• Mania: obsessive, oscillating love (highs and lows)
• Agape: selfless, sacrificing, altruistic love
describe at least one way in which attachment status contributes to romantic relationship dynamics
• Avoidant men- more angry in stress period
o Especially if partners were anxious or distressed sought support)
• Avoidant women—more angry in stress period (especially if highly anxious or distressed, received little support, partner was angry)
Know how the Big 5 relate to romantic relationship satisfaction
• Relationship satisfaction: OCA
• Relationship Dissolution: NE
• Found personality similarity negatively correlated with marital satisfaction
• Similarity on extraversion and conscientiousness posed a problem for middle aged but not other adults
Propinquity-
start relationships with people near by (girl next door effect)
The mere exposure effect
—phenomena where more see some one, more like them (girl sitting in lecture. How much do you like this stranger?)
Self-expansion theory
we fall in love with people who expand the self; fill in missing pieces; be with some one are who adds competencies think you lack
describe two ways in which people's personalities have been found to change as they get older
• Decreases in neuroticism, extraversion and openness into midlife
• Agreeableness increases between 60-83
list at least two factors that can contribute to personality change
• Middle age: generativity vs stagnation; care; can I make life count?
• Old age: integrity vs. despair; wisdom; is it okay to have been me? Meaningful life?
Socioemotional selectivity theory
narrowing of social interaction to maximize positive impact; different times of life→ different goals; shift from knowledge related goals to emotion related goals
Equifinality
- many different backgrounds; end up in same endpoint
Multifinality
start up at same point and end up in many different places
Paranoid
: suspicious; secretive; hustle; reluctant; hold grudges; jealous
Schizoid:
do not desire or enjoy social relationships; aloof; few pleasures; indifferent to criticism or praise
Schizotypal:
magical thinking; peculiar speech; odd appearance; inappropriate affect; ideas of reference; flat affect
Borderline:
impulsivity; relationship and mood instability; argumentative, irritable; quick to take offence; no clear sense of self; cant be alone; chronic depression
o Etiology: Diathesis stress—BOARDERLINE:
• Biological predisposition: genetic; brain activity: low frontal love, high amygdala; serotonin system functioning (differently)
• Home environment of invalidation: for B to develop; parents dismiss how child thinks or feels
Histrionic:
overly dramatic, attention seeking; self-centered; inappropriately provocative; shallow
Narcissistic:
preoccupied with fantasies of great success; required constant attention and admiration; believe only special od high status people can understand them; entitled; sensitive to criticism, afraid of failure; don't allow people too close→ don't want them to ding our fear of failure
o Etiology
• Child not valued for own self worth, but as means for fostering parents self esteem
• Parents view child as extension of self
• Antisocial
: inconsistent work; breaks laws; irritable; physically aggressive; reckless; impulsive; little remorse
Psychopathy:
Poverty of emotions; no shame; superficially charming; thrill seeking
o ETIOLOGY: Family
• environment (usually have father who is psych)
• Genetics
• Antisocial fathers
• Lack of affection
• Parental rejection
o ETIOLOGY: emotions
• Lack of empathy
• Lower anxiety—poor at avoiding shock
• Impervious to shock
• Lower reflexes
• Lower skin conductance
• Ignoring stimuli
• Decreased startle response
Avoidant
o Fearful of criticism, rejection, disapproval; reluctant to enter relationships; believe self to be incompetent, inferior
Dependent
o Lack of self confidence; view self as weak; feel uncomfortable alone, need to be taken care of; put own needs 2nd; immediately replace broken relationship
Obsessive-compulsive
o Perfectionist; pre-occupied with details, rules, schedules; decision making; stubborn (control freak); serious, formal; have trouble letting go
Psychodynamic:
o Making the unconscious conscious
o Free association and dream interp.
o Resuming and completing growth
• Transference
Humanistic:
o Active listening and reflection
o Climate: geniuses (honest) and unconditional positive regard(accept client no matter what); empathetic understanding (see from their view)
Cog. Behavior theory:
replacing maladaptive thoughts
o Systematic desensitization
Dialectical behavior therapy
o Client centered empathy and acceptance
o +CBT
o combo on humanistic and cog. Behavior and eastern philosophy
o old to contradictions (accept and change)
o mindfulness, distress tolerance, radical acceptance
o originally for borderline PD
• Gestalt therapy
o Humanistic and existential
• Good person create own existence and change
• Stagnation not tolerated
• Techniques
• Focus on here and now
• cajoled, coerced into focus on present
• "I language": it→ assume responsibility, shift to active from passive
• empty chair= talking to feeling object present or not present
o help confront matter than distance
o attention to non verbal cues (tone, posture, gesture, facial expression)
Magical thinking—
belief that your thoughts/feels/actions have more power than they do can change things more than they can
Ideas of reference—
...
Diathesis stress
—BOARDERLINE:
• biological predisposition: genetic; brain activity: low frontal love, high amygdala; serotonin system functioning (differently)
• Home environment of invalidation: for B to develop; parents dismiss how child thinks or feels
Invalidation—
discounted feelings
Be able to explain at least one way in which differences in small stories have been linked with personality differences
...
explain at least one way in which differences in life stories have been linked with personality differences
o Genre
• Redemption positively linked with
• Life satisfaction; self-esteem; life coherence
• Redemption negatively correlated with
• Depression
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