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Science Unit 6

Terms in this set (52)

Deposition
The part of the erosion process where sediment is placed in a new location.
Erosion
Erosion occurs, when Rock or Soil is carried away
Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring substance that is solid and inorganic representable by a chemical formula, and has an ordered atomic structure.
Rock
Rocks are a composed of one or more minerals. A rock can be made up of only one mineral or a rock can be made up of a number of different minerals.
Rock Cycle
is a group of changes. Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock. Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock. Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.
Weathering
The process of breaking rocks into smaller pieces.
Describe the three types of Rock?
Igneous, sedimentary, and Metamorphic rock.
Explain how three classes of Rock form?
Igneous Rock: Igneous rocks form as liquid lava cools, forming crystal structured tocks. There are many types of igneous rocks.

Sedimentary: Over the course of millions of years, forces of wind and water weather the igneous rocks down. Fine particles of dirt begin to cover the landscape. Often, these small rock particles end up being suspended in water, and find their way to the bottom of lakes, streams, and the ocean.
Slowly, the layer of sediment on the bottom depths of thousands of feet. The weight of all the sediment with tremendous force. In addition, a number of minerals, witch act like cement, bond the cement together, causing it to form sedimentary rock.
Metamorphic Rock: Metamorphic Rocks form deep within the earth when heat and pressure are applied to either igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks. This heat and pressure in essence cooks the rocks, changing their structure substantially.
Describe the processes that change rock from one type into another?
Igneous rock forms when lava cools and forms crystals.

Sedimentary rock forms when small rock particles are being moved down to the bottom of the earth over a long period. Other layer of sediment push down on the bottom layers and with minerals forms sedimentary rock.

Metamorphic rock forms deep inside the earth when heat and pressure are applied to it.
Explain the process the shape the surface of the earth
Process is all of the forces that combined to form the landform. These processes might be weather, pressure, water, wind, moving sheets of ice, etc.
All landforms are being changes by many different forces that are consistently at work on them.
Crust
The thin and solid outermost layer of the earth above the mantel
Mantle
The layer of rock between the earths crust and core.
Tectonic plate
A block of lithosphere that consists of crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantel
Identify the layers of the earth by their composition and physical properties
The Earth is made of many different and distinct layers. The deeper layers are composed of heavier materials; they are hotter, denser and under much greater pressure than the outer layers. (Core,
Core
The Earth has an iron-nickel core. The inner core may have a temperature up to about 13,000°F which is hotter than the surface of the Sun. The outer core is in a liquid state and is about 1,400 miles thick.
Mantle
Under the crust is the rocky mantle, which is composed of silicon, oxygen, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and calcium. The upper mantle is rigid and is part of the lithosphere. The lower mantle flows slowly, at a rate of a few centimeters per year. The asthenosphere is a part of the upper mantle that shows plastic properties. It is located below the lithosphere, between about 100 and 250 kilometers deep.
Surface and crust
The Earth's surface is composed mostly of water, basalt, and granite. Oceans cover about 70% of Earth's surface. These oceans are up to 3.7 km deep. The Earth's thin; rocky crust is composed of silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium.
Describe a tectonic plate?
The Earth's rocky outer crust solidified billions of years ago, soon after the Earth formed. This crust is not a solid shell; it is broken up into huge, thick plates that drift atop the soft, underlying mantle.
The plates are made of rock and drift all over the globe; they move both horizontally and vertically. Over long periods, the plates also change in size as their margins are added to, crushed together, or pushed back into the Earth's mantle.
Explain how seismic waves help scientists learn about the earth?
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
Seismology
The study of earthquake
Seismic Waves
an elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake.
Three types of tectonic plate boundaries?
Convergent boundary, Divergent boundaries, and Transform plate boundary.
Convergent boundary
when two plates come together. The impact of the
The two colliding plates turn into a rugged mountain range or sometimes bend one plate down into a seafloor trench. Usually volcanoes form along the trench or the mountain range.
Divergent boundaries
when two tectonic plates move away from each other. Earth quakes strike along the rift and magma rises from the mantle. Then it closes up the gap and hardens into solid rock, forming new crust. It later turns into basalt.
Transform plate boundary
when two plates are sliding past each other. As the plates alternately jam and jump against each other, earthquakes rattle through a wide boundary zone. In contrast to convergent and divergent boundaries, no magma is formed. Thus, crust is cracked and broken at transform margins, but is not created or destroyed.
Explain how the rate of tectonic plate movement is measured?
The ocean floor magnetic striping records the backwards in the earths magnetic field.
Scientists, knowing the approximate duration of the reversal, can calculate the average rate of plate movement during a given time span. These average rates of plate separations can range widely. The Arctic Ridge has the slowest rate, and the East Pacific Rise near Easter Island, in the South Pacific about 3,400 km has the fastest rate.

Past rates of plate, movement can also be obtained from geological mapping study. If a rock formation of known age with distinctive composition, structure, or fossils mapped on one side of a plate boundary can be matched with the same formation on the other side of the boundary, then measuring the distance that the formation has been offset can give an estimate of the average rate of plate motion.
Explain where earthquakes occur and what causes them?
Earthquakes are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two blocks of rock or two plates are rubbing against each other, they stick a little. The rocks are still pushing against each other, but not moving. After a while, the rocks break because of all the pressure that is built up. When the rocks break, the earthquake occurs.
Identify three types of faults that occur at plate boundaries?
Strike-Slip faults, Normal faults, and Reverse faults.
Strike-Slip faults
indicate rocks are sliding past each other horizontally, with little to no vertical movement. Both the San Andreas and Anatolian Faults are strike-slip.
Normal faults
create space. Two blocks of crust pull apart, stretching the crust into a valley. The Basin and Range Province in North America and the East African Rift Zone are two well-known regions where normal faults are spreading apart Earth's crust.
Reverse faults,
called thrust faults, slide one block of crust on top of another. These faults are commonly found in collision zones, where tectonic plates push up mountain ranges such as the Himalayas and the Rocky Mountains.
Describe how Energy from earthquakes travels through the earth?
Seismic waves carry energy from an earthquake away from the focus, through Earth's interior, and across the surface. A seismograph records it.
Magma chamber
The body of molten rock that feeds a volcano
Vent
An opening at the surface of the earth through witch volcanic materials passes
Volcano
A vent or fissure in the earths surface through witch magma and gases are expelled
Distinguish between non explosive and explosive eruptions?
Non-explosive eruptions tend to be from hotter magma, less silica, and less gas and it will have silica poor because it pours out of the volcano. Explosive volcanoes have more silica and silica rich it makes it go BOOOOOOOOOOOM.
Identify the features of a volcano?
Shield volcanoes are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. Cinder cone volcanoes are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into. Composite volcanoes are built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs and may rise as much as 8,000 feet.
Describe the four types of lava and four types of pyroclastic material?
Aa, Pahoehoe, Pillow, and blocky lava.

Volcanic bombs, Lapilli, Volcanic ash, and Volcanic block.
Aa lava
pours out quickly and forms a brittle crust. the crust is torn into jagged pieces as molten lava continues to flow underneath
Pahoehoe lava
flows slowly, like wax dripping from a candle. Its glassy surface has rounded wrinkles.
Pillow lava
forms when lava is underwater. this lava flows rounded lumps that are the shape of pillows
blocky lava
cool, stiff lava that does not travel far from the erupting vent. usually oozes from a volcano and forms jumbled heaps of sharp-edged chunks.
Volcanic bombs
large bombs of magma that harden in the air. The shape is caused by the magma spinning through the air as it cooled.
Lapilli
pebble like bits of magma that hardened before they hit the ground.
Volcanic ash
forms when gases in stiff magma expand rapidly and the walls of the gas bubbles explode into tiny, glasslike silvers.
Volcanic blocks
the largest pieces of pyroclastic material, are pieces of solid rock erupted from a volcano.
Compare the four types of volcanoes?
Shield Volcanoes, Composite Volcanoes, Super volcanoes, Cinder Cones.
Shield Volcanoes
large base area, gentle slope, frequent eruptions, quiet and gentle eruptions, and very tall in height due to large base area
Composite Volcanoes
have small base area, violent eruptions, repeated eruptions, erupts from the side cones, and usually not very tall in height due to gentle slopes
Super volcanoes
Biggest types of volcanoes
Cinder Cones
have small base area, a steep slopes, symmetrical slopes, and not tall in height as slopes are easily eroded
Compare craters, calderas, and lava plateaus?
A crater is a cup-shaped depression or cavity on the surface of the earth or other heavenly body marking the orifice of a volcano

caldera is a large, basin like depression resulting from the explosion or collapse of the center of a volcano.

A lava plateau is a flat wide surface that is formed when lava comes out of the ground and spreads out very quickly.
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