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MIS 874 - Info Technology Mgmt - Chapter 2

Terms in this set (42)

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
is computerized system that performs and records the daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business, such as sales order entry, hotel reservations, payroll, employee record keeping, and shipping. The principle purpose of systems at this level is to answer routine questions and to track the flow of transaction through the organization.
Business Intelligence
Applications and technologies that are used to gather, provide access to, and analyze data and information to support decision-making efforts.
Management Information Systems (MIS)
Provide middle managers with reports on the organization's current performance. This information is used to monitor and control the business and predict future performance.
- Serve middle management.
- Provide reports on firm's current performance, based on data from TPS.
- Provide answers to routine questions with predefined procedure for answering them.
- Typically have little analytic capability.
Decision-Support Systems (DSS)
Focus on problems that are unique and rapidly changing, for which the procedure for arriving at a solution may not be fully predefined in advance. They try to answer questions such as these:
- What would be the impact on production schedules if we were to double sales in the month of December?
- What happen to our return on investment if a factory schedule were delayed for six months?
Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Helps senior management address non-routine decisions requiring judgement, evaluation, and insight because there is no agreed-on procedure for arriving at a situation. Presents graph and data from many sources through an interface that is easy for senior managers to use.

- Incorporate data about external events (e.g., new tax laws or competitors) as well as summarized information from internal MIS and DSS.
- Example: Digital dashboard with real-time view of firm's financial performance: working capital, accounts receivable, accounts payable, cash flow, and inventory.
Portal
uses web interface to present integrated personalized business content.
Digital Dashboard
displays key information gathered from several sources on a computer screen in a format tailored to the needs and wants of an individual knowledge worker.
Enterprise Applications
are systems that span functional areas, focus on executing business processes across the business firm, and include all levels of management. Help businesses become more flexible and productive by coordinating their business processes more closely and integrating groups of processes so they focus on efficient management of resources and customer service.

There are four major types:
- Enterprise Systems,
- Supply Chain Management Systems,
- Customer Relationship Management Systems,
- Knowledge Management Systems.
Enterprise Systems
also known as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, use to integrate business processes in manufacturing and production, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, and human resources into a single software system.

- Collects data from different firm functions and stores data in single central data repository.
Resolves problem of fragmented data.
- Enable: Coordination of daily activities, Efficient response to customer orders (production, inventory), Help managers make decisions about daily operations and longer-term planning.
Supply Chain Management Systems
to help manage relationships with their suppliers. These systems help suppliers, purchasing firms, distributors, and logistics companies share information about orders, production, inventory levels, and delivery of products and services so they can source, produce, and deliver goods and services efficiently.

Goal: Right amount of products to destination with least amount of time and lowest cost.
Interorganization System
Information system that automate the flow of information across organizational boundaries and links a company to its customers, distributors, and suppliers. Supply chain management systems are one type.
Customer Relationship Management Systems
help manage their relationships with their customers. Provide information to coordinate all of the business processes that deal with customers in sales, marketing, and service to optimize revenue, customer satisfaction, and customer retention.
Knowledge Management Systems
Enable organizations to better manage processes for capturing and applying knowledge and expertise. These systems collect all relevant knowledge and experience in the firm, and make it available wherever and whenever it is needed to improve business processes and management decisions.
Electronic Business (E-Business)
Refers to the use of digital technology and the internet to execute the major business processes in the enterprise.
Electronic Commerce (E-Commerce)
deals with the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. A subset of e-business.
E-Government
Refers to the application of the internet and networking technologies to digitally enable government and public sector agencies' relationships with citizens, businesses, and other arms of the government.
Collaboration
is working with others to achieve shared and explicit goals. Focuses on task or mission accomplishment and usually takes place in a business, or other organizations, and between businesses.

Growing importance of collaboration:
- Changing nature of work,
- Growth of professional work—"interaction jobs,"
- Changing organization of the firm,
- Changing scope of the firm,
- Emphasis on innovation,
- Changing culture of work.
Teams
have specific mission that someone in the business assigned to them. Members need to collaborate on the accomplishment of specific tasks and collectively achieve the team mission.
Social Business
The use of social networking platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, and internal corporate social tools - to engage their employees, customers, and suppliers. Goal is to deepen interactions with groups inside and outside the firm to expedite and enhance information-sharing, innovation, and decision making.
Wikis
are a type of web site that makes it easy for users to contribute and edit text content and graphics without any knowledge of web page development or programming techniques.
Virtual Meeting Systems
In an effort to reduce travel expenses, many companies, both large and small, are adopting videoconferencing and web conference technologies. Companies such as Heinz, General Electric, and Pepsico are using this type of technology for product briefings, training courses, strategy sessions, and even inspirational chats.
Telepresence
Technology that allows a person to give the appearance of being present at a location other than his or her true location.
Google Drive
is a file storage and synchronization service for cloud storage, file sharing and collaborative editing. Is an example of a cloud-based cyberlocker.
Cyberlocker
are online file-sharing services that allow users to upload files to secure online storage sites from which the files can be shared with others.
Microsoft SharePoint
A content management system with integrated search functionality developed by Microsoft that allows users to work in a web-based collaborative environment.
Information Systems Department
is responsible for maintaining the hardware, software, data storage, and networks that comprise the firm's IT infrastructure.

- Often headed by chief information officer (CIO).
(Other senior positions include chief security officer (CSO), chief knowledge officer (CKO), chief privacy officer (CPO)).
- Programmers.
- Systems analysts.
- Information systems managers.
Programmers
is a professional who modify existing computer programs or write new computer programs to satisfy user requirements.
Systems Analysts
Specialists who translate business problems and requirements into information requirements and systems, acting as liaison between the information systems department and the rest of the organization.
Information Systems Managers
are leaders of teams of programmers and analysts, project managers, physical facility managers, telecommunications managers, or database specialists.
Chief Information Officers (CIO)
job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an enterprise responsible for the information technology and computer systems that support enterprise goals (Vice President of Technology).
Chief Security Officer (CSO)
responsible for ensuring the security of IT systems and developing strategies and IT safeguards against attachs from hackers and viruses.
Chief Privacy Officer (CPO)
responsible for ensuring the ethical and legal use of information within an organization.
Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)
Responsible for collecting, maintaining, and distributing the organization's knowledge.
Chief Data Officer (CDO)
is responsible for enterprise-wide governance and utilization of information to maximize the value the organization can realize from its data.
End Users
are representative of departments outside of the information systems group for whom applications are developed.
IT Governance
includes the strategy and policies for using information technology within an organization. It specifies the decision rights and framework for accountability to ensure that the use of information technology supports the organization's strategies and objectives.
Business Processes
- Flows of material, information, knowledge.
- Sets of activities, steps.
- May be tied to functional area or be cross-functional.

- Businesses: Can be seen as collection of business processes.
- Business processes may be assets or liabilities.
IT Enhances Business Processes by
Increasing efficiency of existing processes:
- Automating steps that were manual.

Enabling entirely new processes:
- Change flow of information.
- Replace sequential steps with parallel steps.
- Eliminate delays in decision making.
- Support new business models.
Business Intelligence Systems
Help with monitoring, controlling, decision-making, and administrative activities. Three different types of systems:
- Management information systems.
- Decision support systems.
- Executive support systems.
Building a Collaborative Culture and Business Processes
Command and control" organizations:
- No value placed on teamwork or lower-level participation in decisions.

Collaborative business culture:
- Senior managers rely on teams of employees.
- Policies, products, designs, processes, and systems rely on teams.
- The managers purpose is to build teams.
Two dimensions of collaboration technologies
- Space (or location)—remote or co-located.
- Time—synchronous or asynchronous.
Six steps in evaluating software tools
1. What are your firm's collaboration challenges?
2. What kinds of solutions are available?
3. Analyze available products' cost and benefits.
4. Evaluate security risks.
5. Consult users for implementation and training issues.
6. Evaluate product vendors.
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