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ACSM EP-C Study Set 3

Terms in this set (170)

Three assessments for muscular endurance
1. Bench Press
2. Push up
3. Curl-up
Transtheoretical Model - Cognitive processes (5)
1. consciousness raising
2. dramatic relief
3. environmental re-evaluation
4. self-revolution
5. social liberation
Transtheoretical Model - Behavioral processes
1. counter conditioning
2. helping relationships
3. reinforcement management
4. self-liberation
5. stimulus control
Twitch
When a motor unit is stimulated by a single nerve impulse
Tetanus
Motor unit stimulated continuously
Summation
Motor unit has more than one stimulus
Work Rate = ?
Force x Velocity
Anaerobic Glycolysis is also known as...
Lactic Acid Cycle, uses only carbohydrate, end result is lactic acid, no oxygen required. Used for events from 30 seconds to three minutes
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
tachycardia, excessive sweating (diaphoresis), light-headedness, visual disturbances
Symptoms of hyperglycemia
acetone odor on breath, confusion, slurred speech
Failure to spot or assist a client may be considered...? (legal term)
Negligence by omission
Informed Consent
Enables clients to make informed decisions. Not a legal document. Provides detailed explanation of exercise program. Does not provide legal immunity. Negligence is not covered by informed consent.
Diagonal skinfolds
Chest, suprailiac, subscapular; all other skinfolds are vertical
Shaping
setting a series of intermediate goals that lead to a long-term goal
At what stage are people at most risk of relapse?
Action
What is cardiac output?
the amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute.
What happens at the alveoli?
exchange of gasses with the blood occurs.
Karvonen Formula
Target Heart Rate = ((max HR − resting HR) × %Intensity) + resting HR
Consequences of high temperature
Dehydration, dizziness, syncope, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke
Consequences of low temperature
dehydration, reduced coordination, chills, hypothermia, potentially frost-bite
Stroke Volume and concentric phase
Stroke volume is NOT significantly elevated to more than resting during the concentric phase of resistance training.
Stroke Volume and eccentric phase
Stroke volume is significantly increased during eccentric phase
What is muscle fatigue?
The loss of force or power output in response to voluntary effort leading to reduced performance.
What is central fatigue?
The progressive reduction in voluntary drive to motor neurons during exercise
What is peripheral fatigue?
The loss of force and power that is independent of neural drive.
Determining treadmill speed formula:
Belt length (inches) x number of revolutions per minute\ 1,056 (the conversion of inches per minute to miles per hour)
Circumferences are used for...?
Circumferences are used to estimate body composition and provide specific reference to the distribution of fat in the body.
Define "push-up"
Downward phase: eccentric, flexion
Upward phase: concentric, extension
Oxidative - Aerobic
carbs and fats used to synthesize ATP; for activities lasting longer than 3 minutes
Children and sweat
Children sweat less because sweat rate and rate of sweat production for each gland are lower in children. They have same number of glands.
Beta blockers
decrease/lower heart rate
Blood flow from periphery
superior and inferior venae cavae, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonic semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, and lungs
Arteries
carry blood away from heart, decrease to arterioles
Capillaries
where the exchange of nutrients occurs between blood and tissue
Veins
carry blood toward the heart
Venules
small veins, carry blood from capillaries to veins
Blood flow from lungs
Left pulmonary vein, left artrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, ascendina aorta, systemic circulation
Muscle fibers
Type I = slow twitch and high oxidative
Type IIB = fast twitch with low oxidative
Type IIA = intermediate, with twitch and oxidative property, bridge between I and II
Type IIx to Type IIA = from endurance and resistance training
Tidal volume
amount of air leaving or entering with each breath, ranges from .5 to 4L
Systolic
is contractile heart movement, blood is leaving the heart
Diastolic
is relaxation or blood filling the heart
Stroke volume
Volume of blood ejected per beat (at rest is usually around 70 ml). SV + HR = Cardiac Output
Q =
Q = HR x SV, the amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute
EDV
amount of blood in each ventricle at end of resting phase.
Frank Starling Law
Describes the relationship between end-diastolic volume and stroke volume. It states that the heart will pump out whatever volume is delivered to it. If the end-diastolic volume doubles then stroke volume will double.
ESV
is volume of blood remaining in each ventricle after contraction
Five A's of counseling`
Address agenda, assess, advise, assist, arrange follow up
Neuromuscular junction
where communication between motor neuron and skeletal muscle occurs
Motor neuron
ends at synaptic knob containing Ach
Actin and Myosin
contractile proteins; form crossbridges and slide past one another during contraction
tropomyosin and troponin
regulate bridging of actin and myosin
Pronation
rotational movement at the radioulnar joint in a transverse plane about a longitudinal axis that results in the palm facing downward.
Supination
rotational movement at the radioulnar joint in a transverse plane around a longitudinal axis that results in the palm facing upward.
Children
Lower stroke volume due to higher heart rate; resting HR and exercise HR are higher in children; are less efficient than adults at temperature regulation; poorer tolerance for exercise in heat
Systolic Blood Pressure
is the amount of pressure exerted on arterial walls; normal is <120; over 140 is hypertension
Diastolic Blood Pressure
the pressure exerted during resting phase; healthy is <80; over 90 is hypertension
Systolic during exercise
is dependent on exercise intensity; may exceed 200; terminate if over or equal to 260 or significant drop
Diastolic during exercise
should remain unchanged
Myosin
thick filament; part of contractile muscle
Actin
Thin filament; part of contractile muscle
Tropomyosin and troponin
regulatory filaments; with calcium are stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum; binds to troponin
Absolute contraindications for exercise
testing should NOT be performed until situation or condition is stable
Relative contraindications for exercise
the benefit of exercise outweighs the risk of testing
Informed consent
does not provide legal immunity
Negligence
breaks the duty owed to someone
Tort
Wrong that involves a breach of civil duty owed to someone else.
RICES
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation, Stabilization
Hypertension exercise guides
aerobic: 3-7 days/week; Intensity: 40 -70%; Time: 30-60 minutes; possible multiple bouts throughout the day. Avoid isometric, valsalva, and max efforts; high reps/low intensity is better; RPE = 13-15
Diabetes exercise guides
contraindicated if fasting glucose is greater than 250 mg/dL with ketones or greater than 300 mg/dL w/o ketones
Obesity
BMI greater than 30; waist circumference (m) > 102 cm; (f) > 88 cm; body fat: (m) >25%; (f) > 32%
Pregnant exercise guides
avoid supine position after first tri-mester; avoid risk of abdominal trauma; consume 30-50 g of carbs before exercise; consume extra 300 kcals/day
Carbs
45 - 65% of daily energy intake; 70% for athletes; 4 cal/gram
Protein
10-15% of daily intake; .8 g/kg of body wt.; athletes may need 1.2 - 1.4 for endurance and 1.6-1.7 for strength; 4 cal/gram
Capital expense
Large and extraordinary purches of durable items with an extended useful life, like exercise equipment
Non-capital expense
day-to-day operational expenses (i.e., medical and exercise supplies, stationary)
Fixed expense
are unchanged day to day, month to month
Variable expense
based on utilization like per diem, contract labor, etc.
Revenue
income that a company receives from its normal business
Net revenue
income minus commission, taxes, or other expenses related to income
Gross revenue
total revenue received before any deductions
Break-even analysis
designed around function of program, such that revenue generated is sufficient to pay for expenses incurred
Profitability analysis
Attempt to forecast future profits for program based on potential revenue generation as well as predicted fixed and variable expenses
Tort
a civil wrongdoing; negligence is failure to perform in a generally accepted standard
Malpractice
specific type of negligence; involves claims against defined professional; usually claim a breach of professional duties and responsibilites toward a client; usually an injury has occurred and breach of duty came before injury
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot away from the midline (outward)
Inversion
turning the sole of the foot toward the midline
Axial Skeleton
includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. Protects organ systems
Skull
has 29 bones
Spine
has 33 vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracis, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 4 coccygeal (fused into the coccyx)
The rear foot motion called pronation results from:
Abduction, eversion, and dorsiflexion
Sites of skinfolds test:
Chest/pec; midaxillary; abdominal; suprailiac; subscapular; triceps brachii; biceps brachii; thigh; calf
Capillary
blood vessel that is composed of one cell layer and functions to exchange nutrients and waste materials between blood and tissues
Which type of musculoskeletal lever is most common?
Third-class
During long duration exercise of submaximal intensity (marathon running), which type of muscle fibers are primarily recruited?
Type I
A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates comprise a
Motor unit
Within the pulmonary system, the actual exchange of gasses with the blood occurs at the ?
Alveoli
Under resting conditions, stroke volume in a typical male (70 kg) is about ?
70 mL
The amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute is referred to as ?
Cardiac Output
The Frank Starling mechanism plays a vital role in determining ?
Stroke volume
In terms of chronological age, early childhood is usually described as ?
1 to 6 years
What is dyspnea?
Shortness of breath
Name four lung compartments affected by COPD.
central airways, peripheral airways, lung parenchyma, and the pulmonary vasculature
What is emphysema?
destruction of the parenchyma
What is asthma?
Common complex chronic disorder of the airways, characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, airflow obstruction, hyperresponsiveness of the bronchioles, and underlying inflammation
What is Restrictive Lung Disease?
A large group of disorders that restrict or reduce lung volume and tidal volume. Include loss of functioning of the alveoli-capillary unit (impairment in gas exchange), altered mechanical function of the thorax and pulmonary system, and secondary cardiovascular dysfunction.
What is Bruce Protocol?
treadmill test where grade and speed are increased at 3 minute intervals.
What is axial skeleton?
bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
Whis is appendicular skeleton?
arms, legs, pectoral and pelvic girdles. most long bones are here.
Convert inches to meters by
multiplying by 0.0254
Convert inches to centimeters by
multiplying by 2.54
Convert kg . m . min(-1) to Watts by
dividing by 6.0
Convert mph to meters/minute by
multiplying by 26.8
What muscles of the heart contract to tighten the chordae tendinea, and are connected on the inner surface of the ventricle?
Papillary muscles
At what level is HDL considered a risk factor in the development of CVD?
<40% mg/dL
The smallest, narrowest passage within the bronchial system is called the
Bronchiole
Muscle fibers that can produce a large amount of tension in a very short period of time but fatigue quickly are referred to as
Fash-twitch glycolytic
When using the Borg scale for the general public, intensity should be maintained between?
12 and 16
Rotation of the anterior surface of a bone toward the midline of the body is called?
Medial rotation
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sulfur, sodium, and chloride are examples of?
Macrominerals
Sagittal plane makes a division into?
right and left portions
Frontal plane makes a division into?
Anterior (front) and posterior (back)
Transverse plane makes a division into?
Upper (superior) and lower (inferior)
Kyphosis
curves of the thoracic and sacral regions. Considered primary curves
Lordosis
curves of the cervical and lumbar regions. Considered secondary curves
Commonly found abnormal curve in the frontal plane?
scoliosis
Commonly found abnormal curves in the sagittal plane?
hyperkyphosis (exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature) and hyperlordosis (exaggerated anterior lumbar curvature).
Angina pectoris that occurs at rest without a precipitating event?
Variant
A group of pulmonary disorders characterized by limitations in airflow tha are not fully reversible?
COPD
The loss of elasticity of the arteries is known as?
arteriosclerosis
A transient deficiency of blood flow to the myocardium resulting from an imbalance between oxygen demand and oxygen supply is known as?
Ischemia
A drug used during acute MI to dissolve blood clots, restore blood flow, and limit myocardial necrosis?
Thrombolytic agent's therapy
What is the correct term and definition to describe a potential complication that may occur after an MI?
Aneurysm - bulging of the ventricular wall
A classic sign of subendocardial ischemia is?
St segment depression
A possible mechanism by which chronic exercise training may reduce resting blood pressure in a person with hypertension is:
A reduced heart rate
What is asthma?
Narrowing of the bronchial airways
Considered to be the 'gold standard' diagnostic technique for CHD
Coronary Angiography
Waist-to-hip ratio
Index of upper versus lower body fat dristribution. Waist circumference and hip circumference are measured then WHR is calculated using a standard nomogram.
The definition of Cardiorespiratory fitness is:
The coordinated capacity of the heart, blood vessels, respiratory system, and tissue metabolic systems to take in, deliver, and use oxygen.
Underwater testing assumes....
....standard densities for bone, muscle, and fat.
What is OSHA?
A federal agency that sets standards for staff and patient safety.
What are class 1A drugs?
Antiarrhythmic agents: Disopyramide, Moricizine, Procainamide, Quinidine
Path of electrical depolarization originates where?
Originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node.
Path of electrical depolarization ends where?
terminates in Purkinje fibers
The SA node is responsible for?
Initiating depolarization of the myocardium.
What is atrial flutter?
Results from a re-entrant circuit in the atria that generates flutter waves, usually at a rate of 250 - 350 per minute.
When do Premature Ventricular Complexes occur?`
When a site in the ventricle fires before the next wave of depolarization from the sinus node reaches the ventricle
What is Torsade de Pointes?
A type of ventricular tachycardia in which the appearance of the complexes are somewhat 'twisted' - thus the name 'torsade.'
What is syncope?
Partial or complete loss of consciousness with interruption of awareness of oneself and ones surroundings.
What is cardiac output?
The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute (mL blood/min).
The increase in blood flow to skeletal muscles during exercise is mediated by three factors:
(1) an increase in cardiac output, (2) vasodilation of skeletal muscle arterioles, (3) vasoconstriction of arterioles in the viscera and skin.
A P-Wave represents:
Atrial depolarization
A QRS-complex represents:
Ventricular muscle depolarization
A T-Wave represents:
Ventricular muscle repolarization
The PR-Interval represents:
Atrioventricular node, His bundle, Purkinje fibers
What is perfusion?
pumping a liquid into an organ or tissue (especially by way of blood vessels).
What is ataxia?
The loss of full control of bodily movements
What is ischemia?
An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, esp. the heart muscles
What is the most accurate measurement of functional capacity?
Peak VO2
The normal BP response to dynamic upright exercise is:
Progressive increase in SBP, no change or slight decrease in DBP, and a widening of the pulse pressure.
What are Class 1B drugs?
Lidocaine, Mexiletine, Phenytoin, Tocainide
What are Class 1C drugs?
Flecainide (Taborcor); Propafenone (Rythmol)
What is an insertion?
The point of attachment of a tendon to bone
What is Emphysema?
A pathologic or anatomic description marked by abnormal permanent enlargement of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli accompanied by destruction of the lung parenchyma.
What is Hypercapnia?
Excess carbon dioxide in the blood
What is Hypoxemia?
Deficient oxygenation of the blood
What is Polycythemia?
Excess red blood cells often secondary to hypoxemia
What is Static Stretching?
Involves slow controlled sustained ROM
What is Ballistic/Dynamic Stretching?
Involves performing rapid dynamic, bouncing, or jerking movements often done to simulate athletic movements. Not recommended for non-athletes.
What is PNF Stretching?
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation: Tense/Relax method, often referred to as partner stretching.
What is End Systolic Volume?
The amount of blood left in the ventricle right after ventricular contraction.
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