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chapter 7 vein/arteries

Terms in this set (87)

veins carry deoxygenated blood to the hear with three exceptions which are:
Pulmonary vein
Portal vein
Umbilical chord
Arteries
carry blood away from the heart/oxygenated
thick wall
feel a pulse
ELASTIC TISSUE IN WALLS
Small arteries
arterioles
small veins
venioles
veins
still have valves
thin walls
very little elastic tissue
capillaries
carry blood between arterioles and venules
walls only 1 (ONE) cell thick
NO elastic tissue
carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
We warm for dermal stick/blood gases because
it will increase blood flow 7x
Circuit of blood flow
Heart
Aorta-oxygenated
Arteries-oxygenated
Arterioles-blood looses O2 and pick up CO2
venules-deoxygenated
veins - deoxygenated
venae cavae - deoxygenated
Heart
Outer layer of the blood vessel
Tunica externa- outer layer composed of connective tissue
Middle layer of the blood vessel
Tunica media
Tunica intima
inner layer composed of a lining of epithelial cells
The space within a blood vessel which the blood flows is called
Lumen
Pathway of blood through the heart.
from inferior or superior vena cava to right atrium to tricuspid valve to rt. ventricle to pulmonary valve to pulmonary artery to lungs (CO2 exchange loads up with O2) to pulmonary vein to left atrium to bicuspid or mitral valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to aorta then distributed to rest of body
angina pectoris
sharp chest pain, decreased blood flow to the heart, possibly due to obstruction
bacterial endocarditis
inflammation of inner lining due to bacterial infection (strep)
rheumatic heart disease
autoimmune disorder, children with untreated strep infections
pericarditis
inflammation of membrane surrounding th eheart, bacteria, viruses, trauma, throbbing pain every time the heart beats
congestive heart failure (CHF)
chronic disorder, accumulation of fluid in the lungs
myocardial infarction
necrosis (death) of the heart muscle, caused by lack of O2
blood vessels
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules,
arteries
carry blood away from the heart, thick walls, , elastic tissue, carry oxygenated blood from heart to tissues, smaller arteries are called arterioles, artery is the location of the pulse. arteries do not have valves, do not draw blood from a vessel with a pulse
aorta
is the largest artery
veins
carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart, have thin walls, little elastic tissue, contain valves, no pulse, smaller veins are called venules
3 exceptions for veins
pulmonary vein: carries blood from lungs to the heart
portal vein: carries blood to the liver
umbilical vein: carries blood from the fetus to the mother
circuit of blood flow
heart, aorta (oxygenated), arteries (oxygenated), arterioles (oxygenated), capillaries (blood loses O2 picks up CO2), venules (deoxygenated), venae cava (deoxygenated), heart
aneurysm
weakness in a vessel wall, can occur in any vessel but are most common in arteries
embolism
moving clot (embolus) obstructs vessel
thrombosis
stationary clot (thrombus) obstructs vessel
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein (can be result of venipuncture)
varicose veins
swollen peripheral veins caused by damaged valves, back flow of blood causes swelling
function of blood
regulate body temp, protection against pathogens, acid base & fluid electrolyte balance, blood clotting (hemostasis) clotting factors in the blood maintain hemostasis, respiratory, transport O2 & CO2 to and from cells
% of weight of blood in adult
8% blood 92% other fluids
plasma
55% = liquid portion
is made up of 91% H2O and 9% other,proteins 7%: albumin, globulin, fibrinogen other 2%:nutrients: glucose, lipids mineral: Na, K, Ca, Mg
gases: O2, CO2, Nitrogen
vitamins, hormones ,
waste: BUN, Crea and uric acid
formed elements of blood
cellular portion 45%,RBCs, WBCs, platelets RBCs
contain hemoglobin (Hgb), which is the carrier for transporting O2 and CO2
Erythrocytes
RBC size
7u, biconcave disc, no nucleus
where are RBCs formed
in the bone marrow, stimulated by erythropoietin which is made by the kidney
normal range of RBCs
4.5-5.5 million/ mm cubed
removal of old RBCs
spleen and bone marrow remove damaged and degraded RBCs from circulation, recycles components and bone marrow makes more
WBCs (leukocytes)
primary function is body defense (5 types)
where are WBCs formed
in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue
WBC size
9-16 um (size varies)
normal range of WBCs
5,000-10,000/ mm cubed
removal of old WBCs
liver, spleen and bone marrow
granulocytes
most common type of WBC, (there are 3 different types),
neutrophils
WBC, phagocytosis of bacteria
eosinophils
WBC, detoxify foreign proteins, will see an increase in these in parasitic infections, granules stain bright orange
basophils
WBC, release histamine and heparin, (1%)
non granulocytes
WBC with no granules in the cytoplasm (2 types)
monocytes, lymphocytes
monocytes
phagocytes, antigen presenting cell, becomes a tissue macrophage
lymphocytes
fight foreign invaders by immunologic means, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, (liquid, humoral, immunity)
megakaryocyte
this is where platelets originate from in the bone marrow, they break off from the cytoplasm
formation of thrombocytes 1-4um
in the bone marrow, megakaryocytes
thrombocyte life cycle
9-12 days 1-4um
normal range of thrombocytes
150,000-450,000/ mm cubed
thrombocyte storage and removal
occurs in the spleen
anemia
low RBCs and Hgb, which means less O2 to the cells
cyanosis
bluish appearance due to lack of O2
leukemia
increase in a specific type of WBC, hemocytological cancer
acute leukemia
immature cells, rapid progression, can cause death quickly if untreated
chronic leukemia
mature cells, slower progression
leukocytosis
increase of normal WBCs
leukopenia
decrease in number of WBCs
*can be induced by medication
thrombocytosis
increase in number of platelets
thrombocytopenia
decrease in number of platelets
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polycythemia
increased number of blood cells, blood becomes viscous, there are different types of this disease.
treatment includes therapeutic phlebotomy to decrease blood volume
coagulation
mechanism that involves blood vessels, platelets, coagulation factors
hemostasis
process by which the body stops the leakage of blood from the vascular system after an injury
stage 1 of coagulation
primary hemostasis formation of platelet plug, vasoconstriction of damaged vessel, platelet plug is formed by aggregation (platelets stick each other) and adhesion (platelets stick to vessel walls)
stage 2 of coagulation
secondary hemostasis convert platelet plug to fibrin clot, coagulation cascade initiates the formation of fibrin thru intrinsic, extrinsic and common pathways
stage 3 of coagulation
stabilization, factor XIII stabilizes the fibrin clot
stage 4 of coagulation
fibrinolysis- degrades/ breaks down clot, plasminogen activated to plasmin, plasmin breaks down fibrin clot to fibrin degradation products (FDP) also know as D-dimers
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
excessive clotting causing depletion of coag factors & platelets and an increase in fibrinolysis resulting in bleeding all over the body
hemophilia
lack of a specific coag factor, 2 types
hemophilia 1
Hemophilia A- VIII (most common)
hemophilia 2
hemophilia B- IX
PT/INR
protime, most common coag test
PTT
used in heparin monitoring
D-dimer
test, indicator of fibrinolysis
Fibrinogen levels
coag factor 1
mixing studies
coag test to identify factor deficiencies, screening test for factor deficiency or circulating inhibitors
coagulation factor assays
done to determine the actual factor deficiency
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...