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BILD3 Final

Terms in this set (205)

Special Creation Theory

Species were created independently of each other
No Evolution, No Extinction

Great Chain of Being

Heiarchy, no movement between the levels, most perfect animals at top

Taxonomy, anti -evolutionist

Paleontolgy, theory of catastrophism

Geology, gradualism, uniformitarianism, earth actually older than biblical account

Lamarck Ecolution

Wrong mechanism of evolution

Economics, human population is exponential--we will eventually experience famine

Cape Verde Islans

Evidence of uniformitarianism and gradualism

Marine shells and volcanic eruption (gradualism and uniformitarianism)

similarity due to inheritance of traits from a common ancestor, Special creation cannot account for this

Genetic homology

Sane codons specify same amino acid

vestigial structure

structures which are there, but aren't used

Natural Selection initially rejected because

Earth is too young
No mechanism for inheritance of adaptation
no mechanism for the creation of novel variation

3 steps of evolution

variation of a trait
trait needs to be heritable
not all offspring reproduce equally

Point Mutations
Nonsense

NoneSense Mutation:
Leads to a stop codon

Silent Mutation

One nucleotide changed, but the same amino acids results

Conservative Missense mutation

Different protein, but similar structures so the function is conserved

Ranking of severity of point mutations

Nonsense
Non- Conservative
Conservative
Silent Mutation

Non-Conservative Missense mutation

Different amino acids, different structure though, so different amino acids

Single nucleotide substitutions, cause a frame shift mutation (amino acid sequences)

Frame shift mutation

Chromosome Inversion

Breaks the chromosomes and flip them

Duplication of whole chromosomes

Gene Duplication

Occurs during crossing over, get an extra duplicated gene

Meiosis (Source of Variation)

Crossing Over, Independent Assortment, Fertilization

Asexual is common

Heritability: proportion of variation in a trait that has a genetic basis

Heritability = genetic variation/ phenotypic variation

H-W: Assumptions

No natural Selection
Random mating
no gene flow
random mutations

H-W Equilibrium:

Diploid organisms that sexually reproduce

p = allele freq 1
q
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p + q = 1

5 Mech of Evolutions

Natural Selection

Mutations

Natural Selection

Types: directional, stabilizing, disruptive

Balancing Selection

example: Sickle Cell Allele (heterozygotes: having one copy is good to fight malaria)

Frequency Dependent Selection:
Negative

Right/Left mouthed fish: Cichlid
Leads to a 1:1 ratio

Frequency Dependent Selection:
Positive

A phenotype fitness is high when its phenotype is high

Sexual Selection

Preference of a mating type

Hypothesis: females select for traits that suggest a high...

Change in a the genetic composition of a population by chance events/ sampling error
small populations can lead to a greater chance in genetic drift
Harmful alleles can be fixed or lost
Generally associated with loss of genetic variation

Genetic Drift Subsets: Bottleneck affect

A sudden catastrophic event that kills off a piece of the population

Genetic Drift Subsets: Founder Effect

Few Individuals separate from a parent population to start a new population

Movement of alleles in or out of populations through fertile individuals or gametes
Can increase decrease or do nothing to variation

Line between microevolution and macroevolution

Biological Species Concept

Ernst Mayr:
Species have the ability to reproduce in between each other and creating viable offspring
Cannot be applied to fossils, asexual organisms

Reproductive Isolation

Lack of genetic varation

Morphological Species Concept

Characterizes species by shape

by its ecological shape/job

Cryptic Species

Morphologically Identical but genetically distinct

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Uses molecular data (this is how they study fossils, asexual)
Looking at a highly specific niche

Allopatric Species

Become separated -> new species
Predominant form of speciation

Sympatric Speciation

Same environment -> new species
Rarer, modes: sexual selection, polyploidy, heteropatry

New environmental thing that separates species

Creates instantaneous speciation

PreZygotic Barriers

Impede mating between species

PostZygotic Barriers

Prevents the developing zygote from being viable

Hypothesis of the evolutionary history

Classifies
Systematics builds phylogenetic tree

2 pairs that are most closely branchd

Introduced a system for grouping

Systematic Classification

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus,species
KPCOFGS
Genus is always capitalized
More shared traits, more closely related

Polyphyletic Groups

Various species that lack a common ancestor

When the characteristics shared between 2 or more species is shared in a common ancestor

Traits shared, but are not in the same ancestor

Fewest Evolutionary Changes

To determine which character state is ancestral, which is derived

Species that lay eggs on land
Outgroup: Amphibians

7 Characteristics of Life

Order, Regulation, Growth and Development, Energy Utilization, Response to the Environment, Reproduction, Evolution

4 Steps that led to life

Abiotic synthesis
Joining of polymers?
Packaging of organic material into membrane-bound cells
Origin of self-replicating molecules making natural selection possible

Miller Urey Expreiment:

first organic compunds may have been made near deep sea vents
sea vents contain high thermal energy

4.6-540mya
cells form
bacterial conjugation
origins of eukaryotic organisms

Endosymbiotic Theory

At some point a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell was engulfed by another cell
double membrane

Jointed appendages, Jaws
Cambrian Explosion:Led to a lot diversification and positive feedback

Background Extinction

Mass Extinction

large percent go extinct

permian mass extinction

A lot of volcanic eruption
end of paleozoic era

Age of Dinosaurs
Dinasours are note extinct, since birds still exist...

Walter Alvarez:

discovered iridium-
hypothesizes that dinosaurs were killed by meteorite

Cretaceous Mass Extinction

end of mesozoic era

Age of mammals, insects etc

obligate intracellular parasites
not considered alive
Enveloped and non enveloped

protects genome
releases the genome

Replicates inside the cell, explodes the host cell

DNA is integrated into the host cells DNA
Remains there for years... and then turns into lytic process

Lack membrane bound organelles

Archae and Eukaryotes

Cell Wall
Gram positive: purple

Lacks an outer membrane over the cell wall portion

Synthetic synthesis (energy)

absorbing building block compound from their environment

Third domain of the tree of life

multicellular
different than bacteria and archae
really common

colonial growth

all cells perform the same function

3 strategies of feeding

ingestion absorption photosynthesis

characterized by exoskeleton

diverse monophyletic supergroup
rhizarians alvealotes, sar....

Largest and most complex algae

grass green chloroplasts
paraphyletic group

Crop Domestication
Ecosystem Services (photosynthesis)
Dominant Primary Producers: affects the entire food chain
Modern-Day Pharmaceuticals: use plants medicinally

Plants: transition from water to land

To prevent water loss:
having waxy cuticles/ thick leaves
stomata: pores for gas exchange
Water transport: first vascular tissue...tracheids(increased structural support -> 2 walls)...vessel elements(ends have gaps)
Vascular system reinforced support
Reproduction/fertilization: Alternation of generations

pores for gas exchange

increased structural support -> 2 walls

vessel elements

Alternation of Generations

Haploid Gametophyte (n)
Diploid Sporophyte (2n): zygote will also be diploid

Shift in dominance between gametophyte-> sporophyte (land plants)
Fertilization became independent of water over time

Non vascular plants
Homosporous: gametophyte makes both sperm and egg
gametophyte dominant
Water dependent for fertilization

Ferns, Horsetails

Seedles vascular plans
Homosporous
sporophyte dominant
less water dependent for fertilization

Ginkgo, Conifers, Cycads
Polle in cones (have male and female cones)
Seed Plants
Needle like leaves: resistant to dying out
Now they have pollination for fertilization
sporophyte dominant

Flowering Plants
sporophyte dominant
Fruit: ovaries

No need for alternation of generations

Single, and multicellular eukaryotes
absorbitive heterotrphs
Mycelium (the roots)
Hyphae (the actual mushroom): spore producing structures

Fungal Cell walls contain

single celled fungi

Multicellular fungi

To form new mycelia

Asexual and sexual reproduction

n + n 2 cells fuse- but still 2 seperate

just regular fertilization (2n), so nuclei fuse

break down plant material
medicine
foods

mind control fungus

break down dead organisms

attack living organisms

Fungal mutualisms

symbiotic relationship between fungus and photoautotrophs
harsh environment

form association with vascular plants(roots)
Increase surface area, dig deeper

skin and nervous system

digestvive system and structures

circulatory system, bone

ectoderm
endoderm

ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm

Bilateral symmetry

Best at directional movement

Sponges (porifera)

First animals
NO tissues
filter feeders
assymetrical
simmilar to choanoflagelletes

Jelly fish, sea anemones, corals
diploblasts
radial symmetry

pore becomes mouth

pore becomes anus

all have a lophophore: used for filter feeding
Undergo spiral cleavage during development
triploblasts
Flatworms
annelids (segmented worms)
molluscs: snails, slugs, octopuses,oysters

segmented worms

Chitons
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Cephalopada

Molting- exoskeleton
Most species diverse group

Round worms (used a lot for research)

Cheliceriformes (spiders)
myriapoda (milipedes)
hexapoda(insects) MOST diverse!
Custacea (crabs lobsters shrimo_

Arthropods colonize land

Flight,
Exoskeleton
Multiple pairs of appendages
Complete metamorphosis: multiple niches, don't need to deal with competition

Deuterostromes phyla

Echinodermata: slow moving, radial symmetry (star fish),
unique water vascular system
Chordata( US!): notochord, dorsal, muscular, pharngeal slits

( US!): notochord, dorsal, muscular, pharngeal slits

:slow moving, radial symmetry (star fish),
unique water vascular system

Helps keep fish afloat

four limbs, necks, ears
amphibians
mammals
reptiles

Aquatic larvea -> terrestrial adult

embyonic egg: provides protection and nutrients

Many traits in birds help facilitate flight
Feathers probably evolved for endothermy

have hair
Lactate
red blood cells that lack nuclei (donut shaped)

Monotrema (mammals)

platypus
lay eggs

Didelphimorphia (mammals)

abdominal pouch

Eutherians (mammals)

internalized pregnancy
longer time

Nails, not claws,
forward looking eyes
complex social behavior

New world monkeys

Old world monkeys

More upright
spend time on the ground

Humans
Bipedal motion
larger brains

Ecology (from largest scale to smallest)

global
landscape
ecosystem: looks at non living factors
community: interactions between species
population
organismal

Aquatic: largest in terms of area
Biggest limiting factor- nutrients
Terrestrial: land
Mainly affected by climate (water availability and temperature)

Deeper in the water: the more nutrient rich
dying organisms sink to the bottom of the floor (nutrients get brought up)

Biomes Terrestrial

Mainly controlled by climate: precipitation and temperature

Distribution of Terrestrial Biomes

Units of cells of air circulation patterns moving from tropics to poles
drives a lot of the earths climate

Terrestrial Biomes

Tropical Rainforests
Deserts: Low precipitation
Savannas: borders desert regions
Chaparral: low temp variation (near water)
Grasslands: greate temp extrememes, a lot of precipitation

Decisions broad leaf forest

lose leaves in winter

coniferous forest

much colder, so evergreen coniferous gymnosperms

icy, so absence of trees: more plants

population ecology

population dynamics
measured by density and dispersion
clumped(clustered, could be social interactions like wolf packs), uniform, random(flowers...doesnt seem to be limiting resources)

Study of vital stats in a population (size and structure) and how they change over time

Equation for population growth

dN/dt = rN (change of population size over time)
where r = proportional growth rate
N = population size

Population growth graph

characterized by the J curve
cannot be sustained for long in a population

Logistic Growth

Has a carrying capacity (K) !
growth declines
dN/dt = rN((K-N)/K)

Population is increasing

population stays the same

population begins to decreases...resource limitations

Density independent factors

Abiotic (non living) hurricanes, marine oil spills

Density dependent factors

Biotic (living): predation, competition for resources, disease spread, territoriality

Survivorship Curves

Type 1: Low amount of offspring, humans
Type 2: Relatively constant death (birds)
Type 3: a lot of death when young, but then less (oysters, turtles)

Fertility
Fecundity and survivorship have a trade off, since every one has limited energy (inverse relationship_

Community Ecology

Interspecific interactions : interactions between different species
Interference competition
Exploitative competition

Interference competition

direct (fighting)

Exploitative competition

indirect (depleting resource)

Competitive exclusion principle

not possible for 2 species to stay in the same niche when they are competing

Ecological Niche

Fundamental Niche: full range of environmental conditions under which a species can potential survive and produce

A portion of the fundamental niche that a species is realistically can occupy
Can only be equal or smaller to ecological niche

Niche differentiation

Explains how species can coexist
Resource Partitioning
Character Displacement

Resource Partitioning

behavioral differentiation
lizards occupying different areas

Character Displacement

: morphological differences (character displacement, like the finches with different beaks)

Species diversity

Species richness: total number of different species in the community
relative abundance: proportion of each species represents the total individuals of a

Trophic structure

feeding structure (food web)

Autotrophs: primary producers
Heterotrophs: consumers

Dominant species

highest biomass

Keystone species

a lot of influence (predators ex. invasive species, will take over the ecosystem)

Ecosystem "Engineers" (foundation species)

Exert influence by causing large changes in the environment that affect community structure

Event that removes some individuals or biomass from a community
-> leads to ecological succession

Ecological succesion

the sequence of community

ecosystem ecology

studies the organisms in a living community and the abiotic factors with which they interact

nutrient cycle: reservoir

Where nutrient spends time a lot

More C02 ocean picks up, the more acidic it gets

3 major threats to biodiversity

Habitat destruction

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