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16) Disturbance and succession

Terms in this set (29)

what are disturbances
they are events that affect resource availability and the abiotic environment
how do disturbances affect communities
they change community properties; such as the interactions among species and overall biodiversity
what are two categories of disturbances
1) physical
2) biological
what is the difference between physical and biological disturbances
- biological is caused by living organisms
- physical are caused by abiotic factors
what are 6 examples of physical disturbances
1) glacial advance and retreat
2) volcanic eruption
3) fire
4) flood
5) drought
6) tornado
what are 4 examples of biological disturbances
1) bark beetle infestation
2) root rot fungus
3) overgrazing
4) algal blooms
is pollution a physical or biological distrubance
it depends:
- if it was caused by chemical pollution is physical
- if it is human-caused then is biological
what is a community's disturbance regime
it is the historical pattern of different disturbances to which organisms in the community are adapted
what is a novel disturbance
is it a new kind of disturbance to which organisms in a community are not adapted to...it is outside the disturbance regime
pollution is an example of a ________ in many communities.

a. disturbance
b. disturbance regime
c. novel disturbance
c. novel disturbance
what is succession
it consists of directional changes in the species composition of a community over time following a disturbance
____________ occurs on substrate without soil, such as lava, sand, or rock.

a. primary succession
b. secondary succession
c. succession
a. primary succession
_______ occurs after a disturbance that has left the soil intact

a. primary succession
b. secondary succession
c. succession
b. secondary succession
severe disturbances such as a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat initiate _________

a. primary succession
b. secondary succession
c. succession
a. primary succession
fires, floods, and abandoned farmlands initiate _________

a. primary succession
b. secondary succession
c. succession
b. secondary succession
after a severe disturbance, only a few _______ are able to colonize the disturbed site and initiate ___________.

a. species, secondary succession
b. immigrants, primary succession
c. pioneer species, primary succession
c. pioneer species, primary succession
how do pioneer species make it possible to colonize disturbed land
since they are r-selected organisms, they can easily change the composition of the substrate making it suitable for others to follow.
________ is/are and example of the most common pioneer species.

a. Lichens
b. mosses
c. vascular plants
d. lichens and mosses
d. lichens and mosses
what quality makes lichens and mosses pioneer species
lichens and mosses convert rock into soil that will support vascular plants with roots
do the lichens and mosses remain the dominant species?
no. when new species such as vascular plants arrive, the pioneer colonizers are less able to compete and are gradually eliminated.
what is SERES
it is the term for vegetation that develops in a sequence of series/stages
SERAL COMMUNITY
it is the first sere

- it is the early colonizing community of pioneer species following the disturbance.
tree species sere
it is the seres between the seral community and the climax community.

for example grass sere and shrub
CLIMAX COMMUNITY
it is the final sere

- the stable, self-perpetuating community that consists of tree species such as pine or oak.
which of the following change during succession:

a. plant composition
b. animal composition
c. microorganism composition
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
_________ described communities as "super-organisms".

a. Robert macarthur
b. Frederick clements
c. henry gleason
b. Frederick clements
________ believed all of the species in a community are equivalent to all of the organs in an individual body, interacting with each other.

a. Robert macarthur
b. Frederick clements
c. henry gleason
b. Frederick clements
______ believed that succession represents a community from "infancy to maturity

a. Robert macarthur
b. Frederick clements
c. henry gleason
b. Frederick clements
_____ believed communities to be much more random because he questioned how often a climax community (maturity) is reached

a. Robert macarthur
b. Frederick clements
c. henry gleason
c. henry gleason
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