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BioConqueror Final Study Guide

Terms in this set (155)

Cells that can become any kind of cell are

Major groups of plants:

Seedless Vascular, Nonvascular, Angiosperms, Gymnosperms

Another term for prevention of disease

Soil-borne bacteria species that act as a natural pesticide

Bacillus thuringiensis

Growing plants in a water culture is also called

Studying how drugs move through living organisms is called

Pharmacokinetics

Two structures that may develop from an axillary bud

Branch and Flower

Genetic tests performed on an unborn child at about 16 weeks

Name and describe two portions of a leaf

Petiole - connects to stem
Blade (leaf thing) - broad part

Layer within a leaf that increases surface area for gas exchange

Spongey Mesophyll

Plant cells lacking a cell wall that can develop into an adult plant

Define homologue

Genes of two species that are similar, one of which is generally human

Plant hormone involved in abscission

What can develop from the pericycle?

A substance with no pharmacological effect

Differentiate between selective and nonselective herbicides

Selective only affects certain types of plants
Nonselective affects all plants

Technical term for the aging process

Name the boundary between the cortex and vascular cylinder

In a DNA microarray, what does the color black indicate?

Not expressed in either the normal or diseased cell

Name two types of gene silencing

RNAi and Antisense

What agency is responsible for controlling use of Bt toxins

EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

Differentiate between positive and negative tropisms

Positive - toward
Negative - away

What technology was used to create the flavr savr tomato?

Name two tests on the market that use monoclonal antibodies

Pregnancy, Strep

Where in the leaf does a majority of photosynthesis occur

In a DNA microarray, what does the color yellow indicate

Both cells express the gene

Differentiate between gymnosperms and angiosperms

Gymnosperm - cones
Angiosperm - fruit and flowers

Substance found in most herbicides that works by blocking an enzyme

Name two reasons why pigs are the animal of choice for xenotransplantation

Plentiful easy to breed
Cheap to raise
Close to humans anatomically

Explain why it is difficult to develop new drugs to combat AIDS

AIDS is from HIV - human virus
SIV - monkeys are expensive

Name the two genes from the ancient wheat plant that can be used to create salt tolerance

Differentiate between in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy

In vivo - inside organism
***do not confuse with "in vitro" which is in laboratory setting
Ex vivo - outside organism

Cells that can develop into cells with specific functions limited in number

Plant hormone that stimulates stem elongation

In a DNA microarray, what does the color red indicate

not expressed in the healthy cell, expressed in diseased cell

list three zones of a dicot root

zone of elongation, maturation, and cell division

Fatigue experienced due to lack of iron

Chemicals that can bind oxygen and release it to surrounding tissues

first genetically modified whole food

effectiveness of a drug for its intended purpose

name an organ important for monoclonal antibody creation and state why

spleen-B cells that are fused with cancerous myeloma

What technique was used to create roundup ready crops

Enzyme involved in repairing telomere length

Define transpiration

Evaporating water through stomata

Describe the importance of C. Elegans

Finite number of cells, used to study development (cell specialization) and cell death (apoptosis)

Name two enzymes that are capable of breaking down fungal cell walls

chitinase and glucanase

Substance that inhibits iron absorption

What fundamental tool may be used as an initial screen for HIV detection

name and describe the three parts of the carpel

stigma - bulb at top
style - thin stalk connection
ovary - ovules

transfer of organs from one species to another

Xenotransplantation

plant ground tissue cell that is usually non living and supports mature regions of a plant

what is the indirect ELISA actually testing for

Concentration of primary antibodies

Clinical trial phase intended to determine optimal dose strength and schedule

3 concerns of ag biotech

new allergies
antibiotic resistant pathogens
superweeds

the typical plant cell is what type of ground tissue cell

Cells that can develop into any bodily tissue but extraembryonic

Leaf vein monocot vs. dicots

monocot - parallel
dicot - net

name the two samples needed to do a dna microarray

Diseased and Healthy

In plant reproduction, state the two generation types along with their -ploid

sporophyte - diploid
gametophyte-haploid

What are immuno-suppressive drugs and why are they used?

-Suppress the immune system
-Used with organ transplant to minimize rejection

Plant response to a stimulus that is independent of direction

Nastic Movement

Name an example of a gene that may be used to create cold tolerance in a plant

Class of plants that lack an internal means for water transportation

State the purpose of a DNA microarray

Detect mRNA expressed in healthy and diseased cells

Name two types of spores and name structures they develop

Megaspore - embryonic sac
Microspore - pollen grain

Class of viruses that do not cause illness in humans

Adeno-associated Virus

Plant hormone also called stress hormone

The application that a company files after good clinical trial results

Differentiate between the functions of xylem and phloem

xylem-water & minerals up
phloem- photosynthesis down

Clinical trial phase that uses an outpatient setting

Lowered disease resistance due to lack of vitamin c

Name the tissue that will nourish the embryo and seedling as they develop

Name four processes involved in pharmacokinetics

1.) absorption
2.) excretion
3.) distribution
4.) metabolism

In a DNA microarray, what does the color green stand for

mRNA present in normal

what species did the five en-something 3 phosphate synthase gene come from

what is the name of the structure harvested for embryonic stem cells

ICM (inner cell mass)

Many genes that determine our body plan, organ development, and eventually our aging and death are identical to which species?

fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)

Transplanting a patient's own tissue

list four environmental requirements for seed germination

Water, sunlight, oxygen, temperature

The process of creating an embryo without fertilization

Parthenogenesis

Plant ground tissue cell that corresponds to the typical plant cell

Name three types of meristem

Shoot apical, root apical, lateral

these cells mixed with myeloma cells that grow and divide indefinitely

provitamin that converts to vitamin a

the application that a company files after preclinical

one person to another transplant

Plant hormone in phototropism and gravitropism

Large group of 40 genes used

MHC - major histocompatibility complex

portion of blastocyst that forms the placenta

differentiate between rhizomes and stolons

Stolons - horizontal stems above ground
Rhizomes - horizontal stems below ground

Name the most effective viral vector and explain why it is effective

Retrovirus - permanent in genome

Swollen thyroid gland

process that people in clinical trials go through

Informed consent process

name the three benefits of Bt crops

cleaner environment
reduced labor costs
reduces amount of mycotoxins

a colorless substance that metabolizes into a colored product

name a vector that has shown success in introducing human genes into adult tobacco plants

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

lipid molecules hacked with genes and injected into tissues are called

define hybridization as it relates to a DNA microarray

CDNA with fluorescence binds to probe in wells

Explain how insects are becoming increasingly resistant to Bt crops

naturally resistant ones breed with each other

name two limitations of artificial blood

1.) Only transports oxygen
2.) Has no white blood cells/immune system mechanisms

explain the creation of cDNA for a DNA microarray

mRNA to rt transcriptase

explain the relationship between guard cells and stomata

regulate opening and closing of stomata

What genes are used to create drought tolerance

name and describe two symbiotic associations that plants have in roots

fungus (mycorrhizal) - expand surface area of root
bacteria (rhizobacteria) - nitrogen fixing

Describe somatic cell nuclear transfer

Take nucleus from regular cell and put in egg cell with no nucleus

List 3 advantages of artificial blood

1.) no disease
2.) long shelf life
3.) unlimited supply

what is the function of the casparian strip

Forces water into the endodermis and vascular system

name three events that occur during preclinical testing

ways to get into the body
pharmacokinetics
chemistry

name two parts of the xylem

Tracheads
vessel elements

state two properties of stem cells

Replicate indefinitely
differentiate into different cells

explain monoclonal antibody production

antigen into animal, wait for antibodies, take out spleen, combine with myeloma, culture

kwashiorkor-protein starvations

Name the three medical problems associated with apoptosis

Alzheimer's
parkinson's
huntington's
infertility

Name a gene associated with causing cystic fibrosis

Introduction of dna into an animal or plant cell is called

HLA- human lymphocyte antigen, used for tissue typing

explain double fertilization

2 sperm-one goes to egg for embryo, other with polar nuclei for the endosperm?

name two limitations of the cystic fibrosis gene

1.) expensive
2.) doesn't integrate permanently

explain the importance of companion cells

regulate cell function of sieve tube members

location in the brain where dopamine-producing cells are lost, leading to Parkinson's

substantia nigra

Explain how plants detect changes in photoperiod

amount of far red vs red phytochrome

sugar on surface of pig tissues that is being removed in an effort to advance xenotransplantation

name the defective gene associated with SCIDS

Adenosine Deaminase

Three parts of a plant embryo and development

epicotyl: shoot apical meristem
hypocotyl: stem
radical: root

this procedure follows amniocentesis and CVS to have display of individuals chromosomes

define abscission

Makes part of the plant fall off (leaves, fruits, etc.)

Name and describe 2 regions of antibody

constant region: same for all antibodies of same isotope,
variable region: differs for antibodies from different b cells, antigen binding site

name 3 types of tropisms

Gravitropism, phototropism, thigmotropism

name genetic disease discussed in class that can be detected using fish

myelogenous leukemia

two traditional applications of agri...

Bread making and fermentation

Two mutated copies of this gene leads to sickle cell anemia

approximately what percent of world's food supply is lost due to pests

what causes guttation and what substance is forced out

root pressure, xylem sap comes out

Three areas of woody stem

Bark, Wood, Pith

Define major limitation of leaf fragment technique

Agrobacterium can only affect dicots

describe plasmodesmata

cytoplasmic strands that connect sieve tube members to the companion cells which control them

name and describe two parts of stamen

anthers- produce microspores
filaments- hold anthers up to expose them to pollinators

Name the plant that has beta caretin generating gene

what % of drugs get approved once they reach the NDA phase

two types of sclerenchyma

Sclerids and Fibers

name 5 genetic disease conditions that are good candidates for gene therapy

cystic fibrosis, huntington's disease, tay-sach's disease, hemophilia, sickle cell disease, and phenylketonuria (PKU)

describe seeding as it relates

Scaffolding, growing human cells on a scaffold

name in order top two leading causes of death

Heart disease, then cancer

which two chromosomes have parts switched for chronic myelogenous leukemia

agency oversees growing

Name two genes in flavr savr:

kanamyacin resistance and flavr savr gene

describe three events that may occur during phase 4

finding a new indication and comparing to standard treatment and seeing effectiveness

Location+Function of cuticle

On the top of the leaf, retains water

toxin used to create Bt crops

describe use of secondary antibody in Elisa technique

has enzymes so when secondary binds to antibody chromagen can be metabolized

Describe developmental studies preclinical

dosage + administration

three parts of plant embryo and structures they develop into:

epicotyl shoot growth, hypocotyl stem growth radicle root

substance that makes sclerenchyma cells rigid

name three types of photoperiod plants:

day neutral: rice
long day: corn
short day: tomato

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