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Physical Science EOC Review

Terms in this set (138)

speed
the rate of change of position (distance per time or d/t)
velocity
speed with direction
acceleration
the rate of change of velocity (velocity per time)
mass
quantity of matter (inertia)
weight
gravitational force
inertia
tendency to continue at rest or with constant velocity (mass or laziness)
If distance is 800 m and time is 200 s, what is speed?
4 m/s
friction
opposes motion
force
a push or pull
Newton's First Law
Law of Inertia
Newton's Second Law
F=ma
If m=50 kg and a=2 m/s², what is force?
100 N
gravity
attraction between any two objects
acceleration due to gravity on earth
9.81 m/s²
centripetal force
directed toward center, causes circular motion
Newton's Third Law
action/reaction
momentum
p=mv
If m=3 kg and v=5m/s, find momentum
p=15 kg m/s
Conservation of Momentum
momentum can be transferred but overall doesn't change
kinetic energy
energy in the form of motion (1/2 mv²)
potential energy
energy stored due to position
elastic potential energy
energy stored by something that can stretch or compress
chemical potential energy
energy stored in chemical bonds
gravitational potential energy
energy stored by object's above earth's surface (mgh)
mechanical energy
potential energy + kinetic energy
Law of Conservation of Energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed
work
transfer of energy that occurs when a force makes an object move (Fxd)
energy
the ability to cause change (do work)
If F=10 N and d=5 m, find work
W = 50 joules
power
the rate of work (W/t)
simple machine
does work with only one movement
lever
a bar free to pivot or turn about a fixed point
pulley
a grooved wheel with a rope, chain, or cable running along the groove
wheel and axle
consists of two wheels of different sizes that rotate together
inclined plane
a sloping surface such as a ramp that reduces the amount of force needed to do work
the screw
an inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a cylindrical post
the wedge
an inclined plane with one or two sloping sides
compound machine
two or more simple machines used together like a bicycle
temperature
related to the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules of an object
thermal energy
the sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all the molecules in an object
heat
thermal energy that flows from something at a higher temperature to something at a lower temperature
change in thermal energy
Q = m x (T₂ - T₁) x C where C is specific heat
conduction
transfer of thermal energy through direct contact (like ironing)
convection
transfer of energy in a fluid (gas or liquid) by movement of the the heated particles
radiation
transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves (like sunlight)
heat insulator
a material that doesn't allow heat to flow through it easily
static electricity
the accumulation of excess charges on an object
Law of Conservation of Charge
charge can be transferred from object to object but it cannot be created nor destroyed
electrical conductor
a material that allows electrons to move easily through it
electrical insulator
a material that doesn't allow electrons to move easily through it
voltage difference
the push that causes electrical charge to move
volts
the unit of measure of voltage difference
circuit
a closed, conducting path
electric current
the flow of charges through a wire or any conductor
amperes
the unit of measure of electrical current
resistance
the tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electrons changing electrical energy into thermal energy or light
ohms
the unit of measure of electrical resistance
ohm's law
V = IR
If current = 2 amps and resistance = 4 ohms, what is the voltage difference?
8 volts
series circuit
the current has only one loop to flow through like a string of Christmas lights
parallel circuit
contain two or more branches for current to move through like our houses do
fission
splitting the atom
fusion
two nuclei combined (or fused) to form a nucleus with larger mass like with hydrogen in the sun
wave
a repeating disturbance or movement that transfer matter through matter or space
medium
matter that waves travel through
transverse wave
the medium moves back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels
compressional wave
the medium moves back and forth in the same direction the wave travels like sound waves
rarefaction
the less dense region of a compressional wave
wavelength
the distance between one point on a wave and the nearest point just like it
crest
the highest point of a transverse wave
trough
the lowest point of a transverse wave
frequency
the number of wavelengths that pass a fixed point each second
amplitude
related to energy of wave /distance from rest position to crest or trough on transverse wave
reflection
when a wave strikes an object and bounces off it
refraction
the bending of a wave caused by a change in its speed as it moves from one medium to another
diffraction
an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it
resonance
the ability of an object to vibrate by absorbing energy at its natural frequency (high pitch shatters glass)
electromagnetic waves
vibrating electric charges that can travel through space where no matter is present
radio waves
low frequency electromagnetic waves with long wavelengths
x-rays
high frequency electromagnetic waves with short wavelengths
visible light
the range of electromagnetic waves that we can detect with our eyes
solids
particles packed together tightly and constantly vibrating in place
liquid
particles move more freely past each other but aren't free to move far apart
gases
particles are far apart/ no definite shape or volume
plasma
matter containing positive and negative charged particles at very high temperatures (as in the stars)
Archimedes Principle
why ship float/ buoyant force
Pascal's Principle
pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid
Bernoulli's Principle
explains how lift helps planes to fly
pressure
force exerted per area (measured in pascals)
Boyle' Law
as pressure increases, volume decreases
Charles's Law
as temperature increases, volume increases (hot air balloon)
element
all the atoms of a substance is alike
pure substance
either an element or a compound
compound
a substance in which the atoms of two or more elements are combined in a fixed proportion
heterogeneous mixture
a mixture in which the different materials can be distinguished easily
homogenous mixture
a mixture in which two or more substances are blended evenly throughout
colloids
suspend light like fog
solution
a homogeneous mixture that will never settle/ the particles are so small they can't be detected by a microscope
physical property
characteristics that you can observe without changing the identity like color, shape, size, melting point, etc.
physical change
a change in size, shape, or state of matter
chemical property
characteristic of a substance that indicates it can undergo a chemical change (like ability to burn)
chemical change
a change of one substance to another like burning, rusting, or corroding
distillation
a process for separating substances in a mixture by evaporating a liquid and recondensing its vapor
graduated cylinder
best tool for measuring volume of liquid
conservation of mass
mass is neither created nor destroyed/ same before and after reaction
nucleus
center of atom containing protons and neutrons
atom
smallest piece of matter that still retains the property of the element
protons
positively charged nuclear particles
neutrons
nuclear particles with no charge
electrons
negatively atomic particles that orbit the nucleus
mass number
sum of protons and neutrons
atomic number
the number of protons
number of neutrons
mass number - atomic number
isotopes
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
periodic table
elements arranged by increasing atomic number
chemical formula
tells what elements a compound contains and the exact number of atoms like H20
chemically stable
outer energy level is complete
chemical bond
a force that holds atoms together in a compound
ion
a particle charged by the addition or subtraction of electrons
ionic bond
chemical bond involving the transfer of electrons
covalent bond
chemical bond involving the sharing of electrons
oxidation number
how many electrons an atom gains, loses, or shares to become stable
binary compound
compound composed of two elements
CuO
Copper Oxide (add -ide)
metals
conduct electricity, ductile, malleable, shiny (on left of periodic table)
metalloid
semi-condcuctors like silicon (transition elements)
non-metals
usually gases, do not conduct electricity very well (on right of periodic table)
balanced equation
same number of atoms on both sides of the chemical equation like 2H2O→2H2+O2
synthesis reaction
two or more substannce combine to form another substnace O2 + 2H2→2H2O
decomposition reaction
one substance breaks down or decomposes into two or more substances 2H2O→2H2+O2
exothermic reaction
energy given off in a chemical reaction is primarily in the form of heat
endothermic reaction
energy needed (absorbed) in a chemical reaction is primarily in the form of heat
catalyst
speeds up reactions
inhibitor
slows down reactions
acid
pH less than 7
base
pH greater than 7
heat capacity
Q = Cpm∆t
∆t
t₂ - t₁
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