Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Anatomy Final Review

Terms in this set (200)

Identify the correct hierarchy of complexity
Cells->Tissues->Organs->organ systems-> organism
Which of the following is not an example of homeostasis?
Recurrent upper respiratory infections
Identify the example of positive feedback.
Release of oxytocin during labor to induce uterine contractions, which stimulates more oxytocins release
Which of the following properties will not cause a gradient across a semi-permeable membrane
Rate of cell death
Which of the following is/are essential to a good hypothesis?
consistent with what is already known, can be tested and be falsified by observable data;
NOT essential: base conclusions on numerous observations
What's definition of a half life?
time needed for 50% of a material to decay
Which of the following bond consist of an electrostatic attraction between an anion and a cation?
ionic
identify the definition of a covalent bond
a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between two atoms
which of the following is a property of solutions
dissolved particles will pass through selectively permeable membranes

NOT: opaque due to light scattering, separate if allowed to stand, large particles scatter light and mixture is cloudy
What is the definition of an acid?
proton donor
What is the definition of oxidation?
Losing electrons or gaining a bond to oxygen
Which one is not a correct pairing of monomer and polymer?
Fructose-ATP,
NOT: Glucose-Glycogen, Amino acid-proteins, nucleotide-nucleic acids
Which of the following is a cation
Positively charged ion with more protons than electrons
which level of protein strcuture contains alpha helix and beta sheets
secondary
which of the following is not a nucleotide>
enzyme
NOT answer: atp, purines, adenosine
which of the following fatty acids contains only single bonds in the aliphatic tail
saturated fatty acids
is flat, scaly, and provide protection to tissue
Squamous
What is the main difference between carrier proteins and channel proteins when transporting material across plasma membrane
carriers use energy and is a form of active transport while channels are passive
which doesn't affect rate of diffusion:
weight of plasma membrane
NOT: temperature, degree gradient, area of plasma membrane, membrane permeability
enzyme involved in producing atp in aerobic conditions is inhibited by cyanide, what organelle is most likely affected
mitochondria
if a cell needs to release hormones produced by the ER into the extracellular space, which type of vesicular transport would it use?
exocytosis
a cell placed into a solution started to take in fluid and swell. The solution is:
hypotonic
a compound with an amine acid, a carboxylic end and fuctional group is
amino acid
Nucleotide is found in RNA but no tDNA
uracil
which of the following is correctly paired for DNA
Adenine=Thymine
transcription uses DNA as a template to create
mRNA
what are the three stages of translation in protein synthesis?
initiation, elongation, termination
correct sequence of cell cycle is:
G1->S->G2->M
which phase of mitosis would chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate
metaphase
Which phase of mitosis would sister chromatids be pulled apart
anaphase
An individual with two different versions of a gene is
heterozygous for gene
if both alleles of a gene are expressed equally and phenotype of the heterozygous individual is not a blend of homozygous expressions. The gene is displaying
codominance
the definition of polygenic traits is
a single phenotypic trait is controlled by multiple genes
which of the following is not a function for epithelial tissues
transmission of signals

NOT: protection, secretion, filtration
which of the following is not found in connective tissues
dendritic fibers

not: collagenous fibers, reticular fibers, elastic fibers
Identify the parts that are present in a neuron
Soma, Dendrite, Axon
which type of muscle can a person voluntarily control
skeletal
which type of junction allow communication between cells
gap junctions
fatty acids are stored in the form of
triglycerides
which of the following is not part of the composition of a nucleotide
glycerol
which of the following is a weakest force in a molecule/compound
van der Waal's forces
single unit of a carbohydrate molecule is a
monosaccharide
primary structure of protein
sequence of amino acid chain
what are enzymes
proteins that catalyze reactions without being consumed
why is the phospholipid bilayer essential for normal cell functions and survival
basis of selective permeability of membranes
rough ER is responsible for
RNA translation
following organelles have their own genetic material?
mitochondria
which of the following exist in a double helix
DNA
which enzyme is found in DNA replication and is responsible for incorporating complementary bases to the DNA template
DNA polymerase
Which of the following molecule could cross the plasma membrane unassisted?
Lipid soluble steroid hormone
NOT: charged electrolyte, polar molecule
which are layers in skin
epidermis and dermis
which isnt part of epidermis
stratum proterozoic
cell type of epidermis is
stratified squamous
Keratinocytes are produced in the layer of
stratum basale
which of the following is not a function of skin
nutrient exchange

not answer: prevent water loss, protection, vit D synhtesis
in which layer would blood vessels and glands be found
dermis
what type of gland is responsible for thermoregulation
merocrine
which of the following skin cancers arises from stem cells but has low metastatic potential
basal cell carcinoma
which of following is not a cell type found in normal bone
osteoma
shaft of a long bone is known as
diaphysis
which hormone is released when serum calcium levels are low
parathyroid hormone
which of following would be found within central canal of compact bone
artery, vein, nerve
which of following is not a mineral or compound found in the bone matrix
hydroxyapatite
which cell type is responsible for the breakdown of bone
osteoclast
what are the effects of acids on bones and the minerals contained within bones
breakdown of bones, minerals released
which of the following is not an effect of parathyroid hormone
increase osteoblast activity.
NOT:increase bone breakdown, increase osteoclast activity, increase osteoclast levels, increase reabsorption of calcium levels
which is not an axial skeleton
pectoral girdle
not: calvaria, vertebral column, sternum
which bone is the most posterior bone of the calvaria
occipital
what is the correct order of vertebral column from superior to inferiro
cerivcal->thoracic->lumbar->sacral
which region of the cerebral column consist of 12 vertebrae
thoracic
which layer of the intervertebral disc is a gel-like layer that act as a shock absorber for the vertberal column
nucleus pulposus
what mechanism allows human head to rotate
head rests on atlas and rotates around axis
which are true ribs
firstt 7 ribs
anterior aspect of calvaria is composed of
occipital
which are regions of the pelvis
ilium, ischium, pubis
back of the pelvis is formed by which region of spine
sacral
whcih of the following describes the body part moving away from the midline
abduction
which of the following is not a structural classification of joints
plane
which type of joint involves encasing it in a fibrous capsule
synovial
which type of synovial joint offer the highest mobility and alow movements in three axes
ball and socket
which of the following is not part of the skeletal system of the upper limbs
tarsal
which bone is located on the lateral aspect of the forearm
radius
which part of the ulna articulates with the humerus
olecranon
which is not a carpal bone
hamate
not: scaphoid/lunate/pisiform/calcaneas
which is the longest and strongest bone in the body
femur
which is the largest tarsal bone and forms the heel
calcaneus
a single muscle cell is
myocyte
which of following is not found in thin filament
myosin
which of following types of muscle have voluntary control
skeletal only
which of the following blocks the active site of actin
tropomyosin
calcium is released from which during skeletal muscle contraction
sarcoplasmic reticulum
which describes the contraction phase where tension changes and length stays the same
isometric
which connective tissue creates compartments in group of muscles
fascia
what is the shape of the muscles that form sphincters
circular
bell's palsy is caused by facial nerve paralysis. which of the following muscles isn't affected by this?
orbicularis oculi
Not: frontalis, zygomatic major, zygomatic minor
which of the following is not a muscle of mastication
frontalis
which muscle extends the neck
trapezius
which nerve innervates the diaphragm
phrenic
intercalated disc are found between what type of cells
cardiac muscle cells
what is the effect of contracting the diaphragm
increasing the size of the thoracic cavity, creating a negative pressure within and creating inspiration
which of the following are involved in maintaining structure of the abdominal cavity
external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, transverse abdominal
what is the name of the aponeurosis covering the rectus abdominus muscle?
rectus sheath
which of the following is not a posterior muscle of the shoulder?
deep transverse perineal
which of the following muscles will draw the scapula laterally and forward?
serratus anterior
what is the function of the deltoid muscle?
raising (abducting) the arm after the initial 30 degrees
which of the following is not a rotator cuff?
latissimus dorsi
what is the function of the rotator cuff muscles?
stabilization of the glenohumeral joint
which muscle is the primary supinator muscle of the arm?
bicep brachii
which muscle would not be affected by severing the median nerve?
flexor carpi ulnaris
which of the following is an abductor of the thumb?
abductor pollicis
which of the following muscle is not part of the quadriceps femoris group?
gracious
not: rectus femoris, vatsus lateralis, vastus medialis
which of the following does not flex the knee?
vastus intermedius
which muscle will extend the great toe (1st digit)
extensor hallucis longus
what is the function of the flexor digitorum longus
flexes phalanges of digits 2 to 5
which of the following is not innervated by the tibial nerve?
flexor pollicis longus
not: flexor hallucis longus, soleus, gastrocnemius
not part of PNS?
brain and spinal cord
type of neuron responsible for detecting stimuli?
afferent neuron
what structure in the neuron is responsible for receiving signals from other neurons?
dendrite
which neuronal organization has one axon and one dendrite?
bipolar
which type of transport utilizes dynein
fast retrograde
which of the following are glial cells of the peripheral system
schwann cells
function of ependymal cells?
produce cerebospinal fluid
what is the function of the myelin sheath
maintain electrical signal, increase speed of electrical signal
in order for the plasma membrane to generate a membrane potential, ions are pumped across the membrane. identify the correct ions and where they accumulate to generate a membrane potential
Na in the ECF/K in ICF
what is the resting potential
-60 to -70 mV
identify the first channels to be opened after an electrical signal reached a region of plasma membrane (e.g. Axon hillock)
voltage-gated Na+ channels
what channel when opened will cause depolarization (returning the membrane potential to -60mV) of the plasma membrane
voltage-gated potassium channel
which of the following are properties of an action potential
all or none, non decremental, irreversible
which neuron sends signals at synapse
presynaptic neuron
which of the following is not an amino acid neurotransmitter
acetylcholine
which of the following is not a monoamine neurotransmitter
aspartate
not signal cessation?
exocytosis
not:diffusion, reuptake, degradation
spinal cord ends in which region?
lumbar
which regions consist of enlargements where nerve fibers form nerves that innervate the limb
cervical, lumbar
where should a lumbar puncture be placed?
caudal equina
which of the following forms the innermost layer of the meninges
pia mater
which of the following is the toughest and thickest layer of the meninges
dura mater
which of the following regions in the spinal cord contain myelinated fibers
white matter
the dorsal root carries which type of fibers
sensory
function of posterior column?
senses body position and movement
function of spinothalamic tract?
feels pain and temperature
which of the motor tracts is involved in keeping balance
reticulospinal tracts
vestibulospinal tracts
which of the following surrounds a nerve fiber
endoneurium
which of the following surrounds a nerve
epineurium
which of the following is not a nerve plexus
thoracic plexus
not:lumbar/cervical/thoracic
which of the following is not a nerve form by the brachial plexus
femoral
not: musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar
what is the function of oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheath
what is found in the dorsal root ganglion
soma of sensory neurons
which nerve would be affected by severing the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
musculocutaneous nerve
median nerve
which of the following form the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system
schwann cells
which of the following is not a property of a reflex
voluntary
not: requires stimulation, sterotyped, quick
what is the difference between a monosynaptic reflex arc and a polysynaptic reflex arc
polysnaptic reflex arcs consist of one or more interneurons
what kind of neurons innervate the ends of a muscle spindle
gamma
which of the following is not part of the brain
adrenal medulla
which of the following is not part of the cerebrum
pons
not: cerebral cortex, ganglion, hippocampus
parts of the brain stem:
-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata
what is found in between the two layers of dura mater in the brain?
dura sinus
which ventricles is (are) the largest in the brain
lateral
what is the function of ependymal cells that line the ventricles
filter blood plasma to produce cerebrospinal fluid
which glial cells form the blood brain barrier
astrocytes
what type of junction is responsible for the primary function of the blood brain barrier?
tight junctions
which of the following is unable to cross the blood brain barrier
hydrophilic molecules
which of the following is not regulated by the medulla oblongata
vision
which of the following is part of pons
pontine tegmentum
which of the following is (are) functions of the tectum
-visually fixated on an object while the head moves
-smooth pursuit while tracking a moving object
-receive information from the inner ear for hearing and equilibrium
what are the effects of cerebellar damage
uncoordinated, incorrectly timed movements
which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus
fine motor control
not: hormone control, sleep and circadian rhythm, and satiety,
what structure connects the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
corpus callusom
what is the most rostral lobe of the cerebral cortex
frontal lobe
which lobe would the primary motor cortex be found
frontal lobe
the corpus callosum is composed of which types of tracts
commissary tracts
tracts that leave the cerebrum are composed of what type of neuron
pyramidal cells
which of the following is not part of the limbic system
cerebellum
not: hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus
which of the following is not part of the basal ganglion
none of the above
not: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
what are the effects of the putamen in the direct pathway of motor control in the basal ganglion
putamen inhibits globus pallidus, which causes disinhibition and activation of the thalamus
in parkinsons disease, the substantial nigra is damaged. this leads to decreased activation of the substantial nigra, and subsequent decrease in activation of the globus pallidus. what is the effect of the decrease in globus pallidus activation
activation of the thalamus
primary visual cortex
occipital lobe
which area is responsible for planning motor movements
premotor cortex
a person suffering a stroke in the temporal lobe is most like to have damage in which sensory cortex
primary auditory cortex
which cranial nerves are purely sensory
optic, olfactory
which of the following trigeminal nerve division carries sensory sensation from the chin to the pons
mandibular divison
which of the following is not involved in eye movements
accessory nerve
which of the following is not a property of a visceral reflex
quick
which of the following is a result of parasympathetic activation
increased peristalsis
where do the preganglionic fibers for the sympathetic division originate
thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord
where are the soma of the sympathetic postganglionic fiber
autonomic ganglions of the sympathetic trunk
which of the following is not produced by the adrenal medulla
histamine
which neurotransmitter is released by all presynaptic fibers of the autonomic nervous system
acetylcholine
which neurotransmitter is released by postsynaptic fibers of the sympathetic division
norepinephrine
which of the following is responsible for detecting painful stimuli
nociceptors
which cranial nerve is not involved in detecting pain sensations from the head
oculomotor
which lingual papillary does not have taste buds and is mainly for sensing the texture of food
filiform
which of the following is not found in the olfactory mucosa
glial cells
auditory hair cells are anchored to which structure
basilar membrane of the cochlear duct
the blind spot is caused by which structure leaving the eye, resulting in the absence of photoreceptors at that location
optic nerve
photoreceptors in the eye synapse with which type of cells
bipolar cells
in the absence of light, rod cells release glutamate. what is the effect of the release of this neurotransmitter
inhibits bipolar cells
damage to which of the following area will result in speech that does not conform to language rules and incorrect word usage (problems with language planning)
wernicke's area
activation of the vagus nerve will cause which of the following effects
decrease heart rate
functions of muscle spindle
monitor muscle strength and movement
Students also viewed