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Antibacterials and Antifungals

Terms in this set (48)

cephalosporins: drugs (generic)
cefadroxil, cephalexin, cefuroxime, cefprozil, ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefdinir, cefepime
cephalosporin trade names
Keflex, Duricef, Cefzil, Ceftin, Rocephin, Omnicef, Suprax
cephalosporins: side effects
hypersensitivity rxn (10% of pts w/penicillin allergy), disulfram-like rxn with ethanol, nephrotoxicity
cephalosporins: MOA
bind PBPs, thereby blocking peptidoglycan cross-linking, which leads to the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
1st gen cephalosporins: drugs
cefadroxil, cephalexin
1st gen cephalosporins: organisms
gram pos cocci, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae
2nd gen cephalosporins: drugs
cefuroxime, cefprozil
2nd gen cephalosporins: organisms
gram pos cocci, Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter, Serratia, some anaerobes, and Haemophillus influenzae
3rd gen cephalosporins: drugs
ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefdinir
3rd gen cephalosporins: organisms
gram neg bacteria
4th gen cephalosporins: drugs
cefepime
4th gen cephalosporins: organisms
gram neg bacteria, gram pos bacteria
30S inhibitors
aminoglycosides (gentamicin), tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline)
50S inhibitors
chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, linezolid
gentamicin (aminoglycosides) MOA
inhibits formation of initiation complex, causing the misreading of mRNA
gentamicin: organisms
severe infections with gram neg rods
(ineffective against anaerobes)
gentamicin: Side effects
nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, teratogen
tetracyclines MOA
prevents attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to acceptor site
tetracyclines: drugs
tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline
tetracycline trade names
Doryx, Dynacin, Minocin, Solodyn
tetracyclines: organisms
broad-spectrum, effective against many gram pos and gram neg organisms (Vibrio cholerae, chlamydiae species, rickettsiae, mycoplasmas, spirochetes, and some anaerobes). Used to treat pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma or Chlamydia, Rocky mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease.
tetracyclines: side effects
GI upset, teeth discoloration and bone deformity in children, Fanconi syndrome, photosensitivity, dizziness
tetracyclines: other
don't take with antacids, milk, or iron-containing substances since divalent cations present in these inhibit absorption of tetracyclines in small intestines
doxycycline
fecally eliminated, so can be used in renally insufficient pts
chloramphenicol MOA
inhibits peptidyl transferase (the enzyme responsible for incorporating new amino acid into growing peptide strand)
chloramphenicol: organisms
broad-spectrum antibiotic, effective against many gram pos and gram neg organisms, including rickettsiae, H. influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and Vacteroides species. Alternative tx for bacterial meningitis in persons intolerant of penicllins or in severe rickettsial infections in children.
chloramphenicol: side effects
GI upset, myelosuppression, gray baby syndrome
macrolides MOA
blocks aminoacyl-tRNA complex translocation step
macrolides: drugs
erythromycin, azithromycin
macrolide trade names
Eryc, Zithromax
macrolides: organisms
gram pos cocci, Corynebacteria species, atypical orgamisms, Ureaplasma, Listeria species, Rickettsia species, and some gram neg organisms. Used to treat URI, Chlamydia, diphtheria
macrolides: side effects
GI upset, acute cholestatic hepatits, skin rash, eosinophilia
Erythromycin: other
inhibits P-450 enzymes, increasing serum levels of warfarin, cyclosporine, and theophylline
clindamycin MOA
blocks initiation complex formation and inhibits aminoacyl-tRNA complex translocation step
clindamycin: organisms
some anaerobes, some gram pos cocci. Used to treat severe anaerobic infections above the diaphragm and for endocarditis prophylaxis b4 dental procesured in pts with prosthetic heart valves
clindamycin: side effects
nausea, diarrhea, skin rashes, impaired liver fxn, pseudomembranous colitis (C. diff overgrowth)
clindamycin trade name
Cleocin
linezolid: MOA
acts at 50S subunit to prevent formation of the ribosomal complex
linezolid trade name
Zyvox
linezolid: organisms
gram pos infections, including MRSA and VRE infections, as well as infections caused by other gram pos cocci and Listeria
amphotericin B MOA
binds ergosterol and causes the formation of holes in the fungal cell membrane
miconazole/ketoconazole and fluconazole/itraconazole MOA
reduce ergosterol synthesis by inhibiting fungal cytochrome P-450 enzymes
beta-lactam drugs
penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, clavulanic acid, nafcillin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, aztreonam, imipenem
aminopenicillins
ampicillin, amoxicillin
clavulanic acid
-inactivates bacterial beta-lactamases, preventing drug inactivation
-often added to amoxicillin or ampicillin to broaden spectrum against gram neg organisms
tazobactam
-inactivates bacterial beta-lactamases, preventing drug inactivation
-often added to piperacillin to broaden spectrum against gram neg organisms and S. aureus infections
cilastatin
usually given with imipenem to increase duration of action b/c inhibits renal dihydropeptidase I (enzyme that inactivates imipenem in the renal tubules)
drugs relatively resistant to beta-lactamases
imipenem, cephalosporins,
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