APES

Terms in this set (271)

Sustainable Development

Real increase in well-being and standard of life for the average person that can be maintained over the long-term w/o degrading the environment or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Global Environmentalism

A concern for and action to help solve global environmental problems

Extreme Poverty

Living on less than $1 per day

A branch of philosophy concerned w/ right and wrong

Value or worth of something based on moral principles

Moral Extensionism

Expansion of our understanding of inherent value or rights to persons, organisms or things that might not be considered worthy of value or rights under some ethical philosophies

Ethical values or rights that exist as intrinsic or essential characteristic of a particular thing or class of things simply by the fact of their existence

Instrumental Value

Value or worth of objects that satisfy the needs and wants of moral agents

Philosophy that holds that humans have a unique responsibility to manage, care for and improve nature

Environmental Justice

recognition that access to a clean, healthy environment is a fundamental right of all human beings

Locally Unwanted Land Use
-Toxic waste dumps, incinerators, smelters, airports, freeways and other sources of environmental economic or social degradation

Environmental Racism

Decisions that restrict certain people or groups of people to polluted or degraded environments on the basis of race

Toxic Colonialism

Shipping toxic wastes to a weaker or poorer nation

Environmental Science

Systematic, scientific study of our environment as well as our role in it

Ecological Footprint

A measure that computes the demands placed on nature by individuals and nations

Utilitarian Conservation

Philosophy that resources should be used for the greatest good for the greatest # for the longest time

Biocentric Preservation

Philosophy that emphasizes the fundamental right of living organisms to exist and to pursuer their own goods

Minute particles or liquid droplets suspended in the air

Convection Currents

Rising or sinking air currents that stir the atmosphere and transport heat from one area to another - also occur in water

Zone in atmosphere extending from tropopause to 30mi above earths surface - temps are stable or rise slightly w/ altitude- very little water vapor, rich in ozone

Highly reactive molecule containing 3 oxygen atoms- dangerous pollutant in ambient air - in stratosphere ozone protects us from ultraviolet light and mutagenic radiation

Description of a surfaces reflective properties

Greenhouse Effect

Gases in the atmosphere are transparent to visible light but absorb in fared (heat) waves that are reradiated from earths surface

Greenhouse Gases

Chemical compounds that trap heat in the atmosphere. Principle anthropogenic greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, CFC's, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride

Positive Feedback Loop

Situation in which a factor of condition causes changes that further enhance that factor or condition

Stored energy in a form that is not sensible

Coriolis Effect

Influence of friction and drag on air layers near the earth- deflects air currents to the direction of the earths rotation

powerful winds or currents of air that circulate in shifting flows - similar to oceanic currents in extent and effect on climate

Seasonal reversal of wind patterns caused by the different heating and cooling rates of the oceans and continents

Moving boundary of cooler air displacing warmer air

long, wedge shaped boundary caused when a warmer advancing air mass slides over neighboring cooler air patterns

Large cyclonic oceanic storms w/ heavy rain and winds exceeding 74mph

Violent storm- swirling winds and updrafts. Forms when cold front pushes under a warm, moist air mass over the land

Milankovitch Cycles

Periodic variations in tilt, eccentricity and wobble in the earths orbit. Milankovitch suggested that its responsible for cyclic weather changes

Climate Change marked by shifting of a large warm water pool from the pacific ocean towards the east- causes decrease in some fish species, west winds weaken or reverse

Oscillation in the pacific- trade winds hold warm surface waters in the western part of the basin and cause upwelling of cold, nutrient rich, deep water in the eastern part of ocean- Colder U.S winters, more atlantic ocean hurricanes, wildfires in FL

Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)

large pool of warm water that moves N and S in pacific ocean every 30yrs or so - large affect on N. Americas Climate

160 countries- International agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions - U.S didn't sign, Bush thought it was too expensive, introduced cap and trade, excluded developing nations

Cap and Trade Controls

Approach to controlling pollution- mandating upper limits on how much each country, sector, or specific industry is allied to emit. - Successful companies can sell their credit to companies having difficult time under this law

System or process that doesn't release more carbon to the atmosphere than it consumes

Description of the long-term patterns of wearer in a particular area

Circulation patterns of atmospheric convection currents as they sink and rise in several intermediate bands

Boundary b/w troposphere and stratosphere

Layer of air nearest to the earths surface- both temp and pressure usually decrease w/ increasing altitude

Description of physical conditions of the atmosphere (moisture, temp, pressure, wind)

Policy options proposed for reducing greenhouse gas emissions using existing technology. Each wedge = cumulative reduction of 1 billion tons of carbon over next 50yrs.

Primary Pollutants

Chemicals released directly into the air in a harmful form

Secondary Pollutants

Chemicals modified to a hazardous form after entering the air or that are formed by chemical reactions as components of the air mix and interact

Fugitive Emissions

Substances that enter the air w/o going through a smokestack - dust from erosion, strip mining, rock crushing, construction, building demolition

Air immediately around us

Conventional/Criteria Pollutants

7 major pollutants identified and regulated by U.S Clean Air Act; 1.) Sulfur Dioxide, 2.) carbon monoxide, 3.) Hydrocarbons, 4.) Nitrogen Oxides, 5.) Photochemical Oxidants 6.) Lead, 7.) Particulates

Colorless, corrosive gas directly damaging to both plants and animals- dissolve in water droplets, damages plants and animals, transport acidic sulfate ions in our lungs

Nitrogen Oxides

Highly reactive gases formed when nitrogen in fuel or combustion air is heated to over 650 degrees in the presence of oxygen or when bacteria in soil or water oxidize nitrogen - containing compounds-growth of weedy species, excess fertilization

Carbon Monoxide

Colorless, odorless, nonirritating but highly toxic gas produced by incomplete combustion of fuel - incineration of biomass or solid waste, partially anaerobic decomposition of organic material- global warming

Particulate Material

Atmospheric aerosols - dust, ash, soot, lint, smoke, pollen, spores, algal cells and other suspended materials. Originally applied only to solid particles- now extended to droplets of liquid- soil erosion, lung tissue damage

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's)

organic chemicals that evaporate readily and exist as gases in the air-

Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP's)

Especially dangerous air pollutants including carcinogens, neurotoxins, mutagens, teratogens, endocrine system disrupters and other highly toxic compounds

Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)

Program created 1984 that requires manufacturing facilities and waste handling and disposal sites to report annually on releases of more than 300 toxic materials

Aesthetic Degradation

Changes in environmental quality that off end our aesthetic senses

Temperature Inversions

Stable layer of warm air overlays cooler air, trapping pollutants near ground level

Stratospheric Ozone

The ozone occurring in the stratosphere 10-50km above earths surface

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's)

Chemical compounds w/ a carbon skeleton and one or more attached chlorine and fluorine atoms - used in fridges, solvents, fire retardants and blowing agents

persistent inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease

irreversible damage to the linings of the lungs caused by irritants

Synergistic Effects

When an injury caused by exposure to two environmental factors together is greater than the sum of exposure to each factor individually

Acid Precipitation

Acid rain, snow, or dry particles deposited from the air due to increased acids released by anthropogenic or natural resources

Natural process by which water is purified and made fresh through evaporation and precipitation - provides all the freshwater available for biological life

Dry area on the downwind side of a mountain

Water held in gravel deposits or porous rock below the earths surface - does not include water or crystallization held by chemical bonds in rocks or moisture in upper soil layers

process of water percolation into the soil and pores and hollows of permeable rocks

Zone of Aeration

Upper soil layers that hold air and water

Zone of Saturation

Lower soil layers where all spaces are filled w/ water

Top layer of the zone of saturation - undulates according to surface topography and subsurface structure

porous, water bearing layers of sand, gravel and rock below earths surface - reservoirs for groundwater

Artesian Well/Spring

Result of pressurized aquifer intersecting the surface or being penetrated by a pipe or conduit from which water gushes w/o being pumped

Area where water infiltrates into an aquifer

Amount of water that passes a fixed point in a given amount of time - usually expressed as liters or cubic feet of water per second

Renewable Water Supplies

Annual freshwater surface runoff plus annual infiltration into underground freshwater aquifers that are accessible for human use

Annual available freshwater supplies less than 1,000 m^3 per person

Situation when residents of a country don't have enough accessible, high-quality water to meet their everyday needs

Description of total amount of water taken from a lake, river or aquifer

Fraction of withdrawn water that is lost in transmission or that is evaporated, absorbed, chemically transformed, or made unavailable b/c of human use

Deterioration of water quality due to contamination or pollution - makes water unsuitable

Settling of the ground surface caused by the collapse of porous formations that result from withdrawal of large amounts of groundwater, oil, or other underground materials

Salt Water Intrusion

Movement of saltwater into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas where groundwater is withdrawn faster than it is replenished

Large surface crater caused by the collapse of an underground channel or cavern - triggered by groundwater withdrawal

Aggregation of water molecules from vapor to liquid or solid when the saturation concentration is exceeded

Removal of salt from water by distillation, freezing or ultrafiltration

Temp at which condensation occurs for a given concentration of water vapor in the air

length of time a component, as an individual water molecule spends in a particular compartment or location before it moves on through a particular process or cycle

Photochemical Oxidants

Products of secondary atmospheric reactions

Combo of smoke and fog in stagnant air - put in photochemical pollution products or urban air pollution of any kind

Specific locations of highly concentrated pollution discharge - Factories, power plants, sewage treatment plants, underground coal mines, oil wells

Non-Point Source

Scattered, diffused sources of pollutants - runoff from farm fields, golf courses, construction sites

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Standard test of water pollution measured by the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by aquatic organisms over a given period

Dissolved Oxygen Content (DO)

Amount of oxygen dissolved in a given volume of water at a given temp and atmospheric pressure - measured in ppm

oxygen decline downstream from a pollution source that introduces materials w/ high biological oxygen demands

Rivers and lakes that have clear water and low biological productivity - clear, cold, infertile

Rivers and lakes rich in organisms or organic material

Cultural Eutrophication

Increase in biological productivity and ecosystem succession caused by human activities

Population explosion or bloom of minute, single-celled marine organisms called dinoflagellates - billions of these cells can accumulate in protected bays where the toxins they contain can poison other marine life

Plume of water discharged into a stream or lake by a heat source such as a power plant

Total Maximim Daily Load

Amount of particular pollutant that a water body can receive from both point and non point sources and still meet water quality standards

Primary Treatment

process that removes solids from sewage before discharged or treated further

Secondary Treatment

bacterial decomposition of suspended particulates and dissolved organic compounds that remain after primary sewage treatment

Teritary Treatment

Removal of inorganic minerals and plant nutrients after primary and secondary treatment of sewage

Effluent Sewerage

low cost alternative sewage treatment for cities in poor communities that combines some features of septic systems and centralized municipal treatment systems

Best Practical Control Technology (BPT)

Best technology for pollution control available at reasonable cost and operable under normal conditions

Best Available Economically Achievable Technology (BAT)

best pollution control available

Atmospheric Deposition

Sedimentation from solids, liquids or gaseous materials from the air

Coliform Bacteria

bacteria that live in the intestines of humans and other animals - measure presence of feces in the water

Dense, intensely hot mass of molten metal, mostly iron and nickel

Hot, pliable layer of rock that surrounds earths core and underlies the cool, outer crust

Cool, light weight, outermost layer of earths surface that floats on the soft, pliable underlying layers

Tectonic Plates

Huge blocks of the earths crust that slide around slowly, pulling apart to open new ocean basins or crashing ponderously into each other to create new, larger, landmasses

molten rock from deep in the earths interior - called lava when it spews from volcanic vents

process which one tectonic plate is pushed down below another as plates crash into eachother

Naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid w/ definite chemical composition and characteristic physical properties

Solid, cohesive, aggregate of one or more crystalline minerals

Process where rocks are broken down by chemical and physical forces. -sediments moved by wind, water, and gravity. - sediments are reformed into rock, then crushed, folded, melted and recrystallized into new forms

Crystalline minerals solidified from molten magma from deep in the earths interior - basalt, rhyolite, andesite, lava, granite

Metamorphic Rock

Igneous and Sedimentary rocks modified by heat, pressure and chemical reactions

Changes in rocks brought by exposure to air, water, changing temps and reactive chemical agents

Deposition of organic materials or minerals by chemical, physical or biological processes

Sedimentary Rock

Deposited material that remains in place long enough or is covered w/ enough material to compact into stone - shale, sandstone, breccia, conglomerates

heating ores to extract minerals

Sudden violent movements in earths crust

mass movement of geological materials downhill caused by rockslides, avalanches or simple slumping

Heap Leach Extraction

Technique of separating gold from extremely low grade ores - crushed ore piled in huge heaps and sprayed w/ dilute alkaline- cyanide solution- percolates through pile to extract gold- separated from effluent in processing plant- high risk of water pollution

Mid-Ocean Ridges

Mountain ranges on the ocean floor created where molten magma is forced up through cracks in crust

Some minerals mined from surface pits - removing surface layers over coal seams using earth moving equipment

Tragedy of the Commons

process of degradation of communal resources due to selfish self interest of "free riders" who use or destroy more than their fair share of common property

Giant seismic sea swells that move rapidly from center of an earthquake- can be 10-20 meters high when they reach shoreline

Vents in earths surface through which gases, ash or molten lava are ejected

Biotic Potential

max reproductive rate of an organism, given unlimited resources and ideal environmental conditions - environmental resistence

Exponential Growth

Growth at a constant rate of increase per unit of time - can be constant fraction or exponent

Carrying Capacity

max # of individuals of any species that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long term basis

Population Crash

Sudden pop. decline caused by predation, waste accumulation or resource depletion - also called dieback

Logistic Growth

Growth rates regulated by internal and external factors that establish an equilibrium w/ environmental resources

Density Dependent

Factors affecting pop. growth that change as pop. size changes

r-selected species

Species that reproduce quickly, high offspring mortality rate, frequently overshoot carrying capacity of environment and display boom and bust cycles - occupy lower trophic levels

k-selected species

Species that reproduce more slowly - occupy higher trophic levels, fewer offspring, longer lifespan

pertaining to life - environmental factors created by living organisms

Stress-related Diseases

Diseases caused or accentuated by social stresses such as crowding

Island Biogeography

Study of rates of colonization and extinction of species on islands or other isolated areas based on size, shape and distance from other inhabited regions

Gradual changes in gene frequencies in a pop. due to random events

Founder Effect/Demographic Bottleneck

Pop. founded when just a few members of a species survive a catastrophic event or colonize new habitat geologically isolated from other members of the same species

Minimum Viable Pop. Size

The # of individuals needed for long term survival of rare and endangered species

Collection of pop.'s that have regular or intermittent gene flow b/w geographically separate units

Formula says our environmental impacts. I= the product of our pop. size, P= Time affluence, A= the technology, T= used to produce goods and services we consume

Vital statistics about people: births, marriages, deaths, ect. - statistical study of human pop.

Crude Birth Rate

# of births in a year divided by the mid year population

Total Fertility Rate

# of children born to an average woman in a pop. during her entire reproductive life

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

# of births at which people are just replacing themselves - also called replacement level of fertility

Crude Death Rates

# of deaths per thousand persons in a year - crude mortality rate

Natural Increase

Crude death rate subtracted from crude birthrate

Total Growth Rate

net rate of pop. growth resulting from births, deaths, immigration and emigration

Life Expectancy

Average age a newborn can expect to attain in a particular place and time

Dependency Ratio

# of non working members compared to working members for a given pop.

Pronatalist Perssures

Influences that encourage people to have children

Demographic Transition

A pattern of falling death rates and birth rates in response to improved living conditions - could be reversed in deteriorating conditions

Social Injustice

Equitable access to resources and the benefits derived from them - a system that recognizes inalienable rights and adheres to what is fair, honest and moral

Family Planning

Controlling reproduction - planning the timing of birth and having as many babies as are wanted and can be supported

Any method used to reduce births - abstinence, delayed marriage, contraception, medication or devices that prevent fertilized zygotes and abortions

longest period of life reached by a type of organism

neo- malthusians

A belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for too few resources - Thomas Malthus - predicted a dismal cycle of misery, vice and starvation as a result of human overpopulation

a change in the world's climate

Convection Cells

circular patterns caused by the rising and sinking of air

a localized area of strong winds in a downdraft beneath a severe thunderstorm.

Mid-latitude concection cells that create westerlies between 30 and 60

an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

Infrared Radiation

electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than radio waves

a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun

where polar air sinks and flows away from the poles downward meeting the ferrel cells at 60 degrees latitude

Tropical Cyclone

a severe storm with high winds that spiral around a calm Center

Condensation Nuclei

Microscopic particles on which water vapor condenses to form cloud droplets.

the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas

a slowly moving mass of ice

Global conveyor system

NADW flows S toward Antarctica, then clockwise;
warm, shallow water from Pacific and Indian oceans flows into Atlantic around Africa

Relative Humidity

the ratio of the amount of water in the air at a give temperature to the maximum amount it could hold at that temperature

Saturation Point

The maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature.

a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid

evaporation of water from a plant's leaves

Acid Deposition

caused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters

a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances

A dome of heated air that surrounds an urban area and contains a lot of air pollution

Contains nonmetals, 7 valence electrons in it's outermost energy level. Very reactive

urban areas that heat up more quickly and retain heat more than do nonurban areas.

a soft heavy toxic malleable metallic element

a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element- liquid at room temp, found in paints, batteries, fluorescent lightbulbs, electrical switches, pesticides, skin creams- neurotoxin and destroys brain and central nervous system.

cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic

Tropospheric Ozone

ozone that s hazardous to human heath and vegetation; 10% of ozone

Clean Water Act

Federal Law setting a national goal of making all natural surface water fit for fishing and swimming by 1983, banned polluted discharge into surface water and required the metals be removed from waste

a location within a body of water that does not have enough dissolved oxygen to sustain life.

able to be sailed on or through safely

Phytoremediation

A method employed to clean up a hazardous waste site that uses plants to absorb and accumulate toxic materials

any liquid suitable for drinking

A stormwater management feature consisting of an excavated depression and vegetation that collects and filters runoff and reduce peak discharge rates.

Safe Drinking Water Act

(SDWA, 1974) set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health

large tank where solid matter or sewage is disintegrated by bacteria

from 230 million to 63 million years ago

approximately the last 63 million years

from 544 million to about 230 million years ago

Name for the time in earths early history that accounts for ninety percent of earth's time, but only cellular organisms lived.

The solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it

a clay-like mineral

Chemical Weathering

the process in which rock is broken down by changes in its chemical makeup

Continental Crust

The portion of the earth's crust that primarily contains granite, is less dense than oceanic crust, and is 20-50 km thick

rock that in its molten form (as magma) issues from volcanos

the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle

The process that converts sediments into solid rock by compaction or cementation., The physical and chemical processes that transform sediments into sedimentary rocks

Mechanical Weathering

The type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces

any of several chemical elements that are usually shiny solids that conduct heat or electricity and can be formed into sheets etc.

Mineral Resources

inorganic substances that were formed by earth's geological processes; oil, natural gas, salt, sulphur and lignite

the portion of Earth's crust that is usually below the oceans and not associated with continental areas, thinner and higher in density that continental crust and basaltic rather than granitic in composition

the name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents

Subsurface Mining

Extraction of a metal ore or fuel resource such as coal from a deep underground deposit.

Density Independent

Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density.

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II-1945 to 1964

The demographic group of subjects with common defining characteristics following Generation X (the generation born after the Western post-World War II baby boom ended.)

Infant Mortality Rate

the number of babies that die per 1,000 babies in one year

the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

Photochemical Oxidants

Products of secondary atmospheric reactions driven by solar energy- damages eyes and lungs, vegetation

Catalytic Converter

1975- Convert harmful pollutants into less harmful emissions before they ever leave the cars exhaust system- reduces: Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, in winter doesn't work as well and CO2 is produced

1770- Complained trees were being cut down to build houses, ships, rain washed away land not sea leaving rocky, unfarmable land

1770- Appalled by destruction of wildlife, ordered 1/4 of an island be preserved to forests, french governor of Mauritius

George Perkins Marsh

1865- Observed destruction of land by farm animals, national forest preserves were established b/c of his book and helped protect timber supplies and endangered watersheds

Teddy Roosevelt

1905- Influenced by marsh, leader of the movement that made Interior Department into Department of Agriculture

Giffort Pinchot

1905- Chief conservative advisor of Teddy, helped national parks, wild life refuge system, passed protection laws

1916- Argued that nature exists for its own saw- biocentric preservation

1935- Planted thousands of trees to restore land, thought land was our community that we belong to- wrote a book

1962-United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife

Introduced many techniques of modern environmentalism

Wangari Maathai

1977- Organized poor women and restored their environment, program grew across Kenya

Delhi, India Air Quality

Used to be- breathing the air = smoking 2 packs a day. Now its healthier and cleaner b/c catalytic converters are on the cars

Ocean Conveyor Belt

1,000yr cycle- natural flow of water, set of currents that warm H2O to poles, poles send cold H2O to tropics. Upwells phyto plankton, oxygen goes to deep water, brings up nutrients. Global warming could eliminate temp differences, belt would stop= mass extinction

Single-celled organism- secrete nerve damaging toxins- amoeba forms to wounded fish, = creates free radicals and destroys tissue

Sewage Treatment

1.) Bar Screen 2.) Grit Chamber 3.) Primary Sedimentation 4.) Aeration Tank 5.) Final Setting tank 6.) Sludge Return 7.) Air pump 8.) Disinfection 9.) Teritary 10.) Sludge

Buffering Capacity

Ability to neutralize acids

Heap Leach Extraction

Spraying ore w/ a cyanide solution to dissolve gold or silver and remove it in electrolysis process

General Mining law of 1872

have polluted more than 40% of the watersheds in the West. allows mining companies to buy public lands for $5 or less per acre

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 1977

this law requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it

Flash flooding, downstream sediment pollution, deformed fish and ecolife, toxic drinking water, ruining future water supply, acid mine drainage, deforestation, biodiversity loss, erosion

Sea Floor Spreading

Divergent boundaries n the middle of the ocean

Adopted zone where the plates are pulled apart

Steep-sided depression in the ocean floor

No enemies, no competition, low disease- temporary

Clean Water Act 1972

federal law setting a national goal making all natural surface water fit for swimming and fishing

Water Quality Act of 1987

The Water Quality Act of 1987 calls for the decrease in pollution from industrial storm water discharges and a separation between municipal sewer systems and storm systems.- deals with non point sources

Safe Water Drinking Act

(SDWA, 1974) set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health

Great Lakes Compact

Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. The compact details how the states manage the use of the Great Lakes Basin's water supply and builds on the 1985 Great Lakes Charter and its 2001 Annex. The compact is the means by which the states implement the governors' commitments under the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement that also includes the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec.

Great Lakes Water Protection Act

Still in pending- there will be no sewage dump in the Great Lakes

Top Metal Consuming Countries

U.S, Japan, Europe

Sand and Gravel

Largest volume and dollar value of non mineral, non metal in the world

a measure of the clarity of the water. High turbidity = "dirty" water

Dam Instillation Regulators

Army Corps of Engineers and Bureau of Reclamation

Levels of the Atmosphere

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere

Voctoc Ice Core Data

Reports amount of pollutants present in atmosphere during last 100yrs.

water with very low dissolved oxygen levels, the end result of eutrophication, for example.

Demographic Transition

4 stages: 1-Birth & Death rates high 2- Death fall, birth high 3-Birth fall- standard living rises 4- Growth falls to 0 or negative rate 5- Modernize, urbanize, technology

The Worlds Population

7 Billion- J-Curve

the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area

The physical ability to reproduce

Interspecific Interactions

interactions between species, three main- competition, predation, and symbiosis

Intraspecific Interactions

Interactions between two individuals of the same species

Species Richness

the number of different species in a community

Survivorship Curves

They show the likelihood of survival at different ages throughout the lifetime of the organism.

Population formula

dN/dt=rn
Change of individuals/ per change in time=growth rate times # of individuals in the pop.

Standard to determine how long it takes for a pop. to double. ex- 2% will double in 35yrs- 35=70/2

Births+Immigration-Deaths-Emigration

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