Lecture 1

Ectoderm
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Terms in this set (49)
Ectoderm
Outer coverings

1.Skin, hair, nails
2.Subcutaneous glands
mammary glands, pituitary gland, enamel of teeth

Nervous system
3. central nervous system
4. peripheral nervous system
5. sensory epithelium (ear, eye , nose)
33 vertebrae
vertebral column
Pharyngeal gut
1
Image: Pharyngeal gut
lung bud
2
Image: lung bud
stomach
3
Image: stomach
pancreas
4
Image: pancreas
primitive intestinal loop
5
Image: primitive intestinal loop
hindgut
6
Image: hindgut
urinary bladder
7
Image: urinary bladder
liver
9
Image: liver
Mesodermi. Supporting tissue - connective tissue, cartilage, bone ii. Deep connective tissue - mesenteries, pleura, peritoneum iii. Striated and smooth muscle iv. kidneys, gonads, their ducts v. blood/lymph cells; walls of heart, blood/lymph vessels vi. spleen Supporting including lining of intestinesbodyLamina1 forms "roof" of arch; connects spinous process to transverse processVertebral arch2Vertebral foramen3pedicle4 "feet" of the arch; connects transverse process to body of vertebraIntervertebral foraminaThere are also spaces between the pedicles of adjacent vertebrae. Which allow passage of spinal nerves and associated vessels. The vertebral artery passes through the upper 6 foramina transversaria on its way to the skull.Spinous processtop projecting posteriorly These processes serve as attachments for muscles and ligaments.Transverse processbottom These processes serve as attachments for muscles and ligaments.Articular processesprojecting superiorly and inferiorly. These from adjacent vertebrae articulate to form facet joints, which help hold the vertebrae together while allowing some movement.Inferior articular processtopSuperior articular processbottom7 cervical(small mobile), 12 thoracic(rigid rib cage), 5 lumbar(large mobile), 5 sacral (fused in sacrum), 4 coccygeal(useless co1 to co4, fused into coccyx)spine line upAtlas1 1. Articulation of this with the occipital condyles of the skull (Grant's, Fig. 7.5) permits nodding of head on the atlas at the atlantooccipital joint.Axis2c77ligaments, face joints, intervertebral disksvertebra connected byLigamenta flavatop top(yellow ligaments) connect laminae along the vertebral canal, and provide elastic recoil when straightening the back from the flexed position.posterior longitudinal ligamentMiddle. are continuous bands anterior and posterior to the vertebral bodies.anterior longitudinal ligamentLast. are continuous bands anterior and posterior to the vertebral bodies.inter-transverse ligamentNuchal ligamenttop connect vertebral spines. Many of the muscles in the posterior neck attach to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae via an expansion of the supraspinous ligament called this.Interspinous ligamentmiddle connect vertebral spines. Many of the muscles in the posterior neck attach to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae via an expansion of the supraspinous ligament called the m nuchal ligament.Supraspinous ligamentlast connect vertebral spines. Many of the muscles in the posterior neck attach to spinous processes of cervical vertebrae via an expansion of the supraspinous ligament called the nuchal ligament.Facet joints(zygapophyseal joints)A. connect articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. Held together by ligaments that form a capsule around the articulation B. The capsule contains synovial fluid that lubricates the joint for movement. C. Different orientation and size of the facet joints contributes to different degrees of mobility in different regions of the vertebral column.intervertebral disksbetween all non-fused vertebrae give flexibility to the spine and act as shock absorbersNucleus pulposus A herniated disk (commonly called a "slipped" disk) occurs when nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus. This usually occurs posteriolaterally, near the base of a pedicle, where the annulus fibrosus is not reinforced by the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligaments.top Intervertebral discs a gelatinous interior (remnant of the notochord)anulus fibrosus A herniated disk (commonly called a "slipped" disk) occurs when nucleus pulposus protrudes through the annulus fibrosus. This usually occurs posteriolaterally, near the base of a pedicle, where the annulus fibrosus is not reinforced by the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligaments.bottom Intervertebral discs an outer ring of fibrocartilageoccipital condyles (Articulation of the atlas with the occipital condyles of the skull permits nodding of head on the atlas at the atlantooccipital joint.)The skull is firmly connected to the vertebral column, but has tremendous mobility. This is possible because of unique attachments of the skull to the atlas and axis. NODDINGdensThe atlas has lost its body to the axis, where it forms a pivot (the odontoid process or dens). Rotation of the head and atlas (turning from side to side) occurs as a unit around THIS at the atlantoaxial joint.transverse ligamentThe dens of the axis is strapped against the anterior arch of the atlas by the very strong ____ of the atlasalar ligamentsThe skull is attached to dens of the axis by very strong____ *Superior and inferior longitudinal bands make the transverse ligament "cruciform" (cross-shaped) and attach the skull to the axis.tectorial membraneThe posterior longitudinal ligament is expanded and thickened in this region and is called the THIS. Superiorly, it attaches to the inside of the skull near the anterior rim of the foramen magnum. *Superior and inferior longitudinal bands make the transverse ligament "cruciform" (cross-shaped) and attach the skull to the axis.Posterior atlantooccipital membrane1 The skull is firmly connected to the vertebral column, but has tremendous mobility. This is possible because of unique attachments of the skull to the atlas and axis. Closed between atlas and base skull.posterior atlantoaxial membrane2 The atlas has lost its body to the axis, where it forms a pivot (the odontoid process or dens). Rotation of the head and atlas (turning from side to side) occurs as a unit around the dens at the atlantoaxial joint.anterior atlantooccipital membrane3 The skull is firmly connected to the vertebral column, but has tremendous mobility. This is possible because of unique attachments of the skull to the atlas and axis. Closed between atlas and base skull.anterior atlantoaxial membrane4 The atlas has lost its body to the axis, where it forms a pivot (the odontoid process or dens). Rotation of the head and atlas (turning from side to side) occurs as a unit around the dens at the atlantoaxial joint.transverseuncovertebral jointsThese help stabilize the relative position of adjacent vertebrae while retaining mobility of the neck.