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Pink Lecture 1

Terms in this set (29)

(Anatomical directions)Superior or cranial or cephalic
up
(Anatomical directions)Anterior or ventral
front
(Anatomical directions)Medial
toward the midline
(Anatomical directions)Proximal
close to the root or base
(Anatomical directions)Superficial
near the surface
(Anatomical directions)Inferior or caudal
down
(Anatomical directions)Posterior or dorsal
back
(Anatomical directions)Lateral
away from the midline
(Anatomical directions)Distal
away from the root or base
(Anatomical directions)Deep
away from the surface
(Planes through the body)Median
vertically through the midline
(Planes through the body)Sagittal
parallel to the median
(Planes through the body)Front or coronal
parallel to front of body
(Planes through the body)Horizontal, transverse, or transaxial
horizontally across the body.
(Planes through the body)Oblique
anything that is not sagittal, frontal or horizontal
3-layered sheet, which then rolls into an ___ tube while developing repeating segments along its axis
asymmetric
During the first 4 weeks of development, the human embryo goes from being a ball of cells to a 3-layer disc called the ___ + the 3 layers are called __
trilaminar embryonic disk, primary germ layers
i. gastrointestinal tract
ii. epithelium of respiratory tract
iii. parenchyma - thyroid, parathyroids, liver and pancreas
iv. reticular stroma - tonsils, thymus
v. epithelial lining of urinary bladder and urethra
vi. epithelial lining of tympanic canal and Eustachian tube
endoderm(gut + most of the viscera)
anterior/inner layer
endoderm(gut + most of the viscera)
posterior/outer layer
Ectoderm
Because the germ disk folds ___ to form the gut tube, most of the viscera (soft internal organs) are in the____

Meanwhile, mesoderm forms the structural core of the body, which ends up much more ____

The nervous system develops ___to the structural core. Nervous tissue arises from a long fold in the posterior ectoderm via a process called neurulation.
anteriorly, front of the body, posterior, posterior
The nervous system develops posterior to the structural core. Nervous tissue arises from a long fold in the posterior ectoderm via a process called neurulation:


i. Ectoderm at the embryo's midline thickens and folds, with the folds fusing to form the____1(beginning in the cephalic region)

ii. The ends of the tube eventually close, creating a closed neural tube that resembles the adult form of the ____2

iii. In addition, cells at the lateral border of the neural folds dissociate from the ____ 3. These cells are known as ____4, and they migrate through the embryo to form a
number of different structures, including all of the _____5
1. neural tube
2.central nervous system(brain+sc)
3.neuroectoderm
4. neural crest cells
5. peripheral nervous system(nervous tissue outside CNS, linings of the CNS and melanocytes pigment cells).
The body is ____organized, with core structural support and nerve & blood vessel supply lines centered toward the posterior. Viscera occupy most of the anterior.
asymmetrically
The structural core of the body is the ____. It encloses and protects the ____.
axial skeleton,central nervous system
Curvatures of the spine. A normal spine is not straight.


a. In newborns there is one curvature (the primary curvature), with the spine in flexion (kyphotic curvature)

b.Two secondary curvatures develop in the opposite direction (lordotic curvatures)


i. cervical curvature, - the neck curves as the head is raised, permitting us to look forward

ii. lumbar curvature - the lower back curves as the upper body is raised unto the
legs when standing, permitting us to balance the body in an upright posture

Thus, the spine has____1: in the ___2 the curvature is___3 and in the ____4 it is ____5
1. 4 curves
2. cervical and lumbar
3. lordotic (bending backwards)
4. thoracic and sacral regions
5. kyphotic (bending forward)
The freest motion in the spinal column is between the___. These have unique structures to hold the head on the vertebral column while permitting extensive motion
axis (C2), atlas (C1) and the base of skull
small vertebral foramina. The spinal cord is small in diameter in this region (cervical and lumbo-sacral regions of spinal cord are enlarged to accommodate the nerve supply to the upper and lower limbs, respectively).
Thoracic vertebrae
large, horizontal spines provide attachments for large deep back muscles b. massive bodies to support weight
Lumbar vertebrae
a. acts as the base of the vertebral column ; is very strongly anchored to the pelvis
b. Bodies and transverse processes are fused, resulting in anterior and posterior ____2, through which sacral nerves pass.
c. The vertebral canal (sacral canal) opens inferiorly at the sacral hiatus.
1.Sacral vertebrae
2.sacral foramina
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