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DSST Principles of Public Speaking

Terms in this set (232)

summary of a magazine or article not written by the author

words that discuss ideas and concepts

Active listening

making genuine effort to understanding the speaker's point

Acceptance speech

speech that gives thanks for public recognition

a fallacy that attacks the person not the issue

a hormone that responds to physical or mental stress

the items to be accomplished during a meeting

repletion of the same sounds normally in the initial consonants of two or more words

Analogical reasoning

comparing two cases and assuming that the outcome of the first will be the outcome for the second

extended story/metaphor/simile that compares something familiar to something unfamiliar to aid in understanding

brief real-life story

transition in a powerpoint slide

use of the juxtaposition to state the point

Appreciative Listening

listening for pleasure

physical sound of speech

predisposition of response that is either positive or negative

Audience analysis

gathering information about listeners that will assist in tailoring the message to them to elicit a response that's desired

Audience centeredness

keeping the audience in mind during preparation an delivery of a speech

assumption that something is right because it is popular

compares two or more items in a visual aid

list of sources

first ten amendments to the United States Constitution

Biographical aid

reference that provides information about people

a feature that can store a "favorite" website for the user

problem solving with the generation of many ideas

a small illustration of a specific point

Burden of proof

obligation of the persuasive speaker to inspire change

number assigned to a library book to determine location

listing of all books a library has

Causal reasoning

idea that the proceeding action causes the subsequent ones

a summary of the main ideas of a speech

Central processing

where listener devotes full attention to critical thinking of the message

how a message is delivered

usually as a list summarizing a lot of information

Chronological pattern of arrangement

the points are relative to each other (the order is important)

an expression that is overused

Closed-ended question

small range of specific answers supplied by the person asking the question

more words then necessary

Commemorative speech

speech playing tribute to someone or something

Comparative advantage order

organizing persuasive speeches so that each main point explains why speaker's solution is better than a different solution

a word or phrase that connects ideas

Circle pattern of arrangement

arranging one idea that leads to another and finally the last idea leads bucket the speech thesis

Comprehensive listening

listening to understand (a student to a teacher)

social community whose values/beliefs are dissimilar

belief, theory, or idea

words that refer to items that are tangible

words that indicate relationship between phrases

Connotative meaning

the feeling a word elicits (house is a structure home is some place a family lives

group decision that is binding

statement of differences

Conversational quality

presenting a speech that sounds spontaneous even if it is not

Counterproductive roles

roles that are negative in achieving a goal

perception of qualifications of speaker

Crescendo ending

building the points and intensity and ending the conclusion strong

standards that judgements are based on

Critical listening

listening to determine fact from opinion

Critical thinking

organized thinking to establish the difference between fact an opinion

speeknng outline that gives hints on next part of speech

statistical characteristics of a population/audience

Denotative meaning

the basic definition of a word, regardless of how the word makes people feel (house and home are the same)

Derived credibility

credibility based on the delivery of the speech

Descriptive statistics

statistical numbers that help describe things

Designated leader

person appointed leader of a group

accent, grammar, or vocabulary differences that indicate an ethnic background

Direct quotation

testimony given verbatim

Dissolve ending

taking the intensity down and ending the speech poignantly

Dyadic Communication

conversation between two people

concerning self more with own values and beliefs

Eight by eight rule

when making a presentation not more than eight words on a line and eight lines on a slide

fallacy that there are only two solutions

Emergent leader

someone who emerges as a leader in a group

Empathetic listening

listening to emotionally support

presentation of a probability

Ethical decisions

decisions between right and wrong

assuming superior stance of religion or ethnicity

appealing to the moral character

supporting materials to prove a point

specific cased used to illustrate a point

Expectancy outcome values theory

the conscious evaluation of costs and benefits to an action

Expert testimony

findings by someone that is recognized in the field (psychologist testifying on someone's psychological condition)

Extemporaneous speech

extensively prepared speech that is orated based on brief notes

Extended example

a long illustration to discuss a specific point

visual contact with the audience

copyright law that allows student and teachers to use some copyrighted material for education

reasoning error

the incorrect belief that one event caused another just because it proceeded it

message delivered back to the speaker from the listener

Fixed-alternative question

questions with limited answers available

Frame or reference

sum of persons beliefs, values, goals, and experiences (no two people are alike)

geographical dictionary

Genreal encyclopedia

contains a little information about all human knowledge

General purpose

broad goal of speech (persuade, inform)

using a male pronoun to discuss both men and women

Speakers ' hand and arm movement during speech

Global plagiarism

taking someone else's idea and passing the entire idea off as your own

audience perception of the speaker's motivation

visual depiction of statistics

accepting ideas without critical analysis

the natural inclination to assume someone is good or bad in one category based on another

sounds entering the ear

Hypothetical example

a fictional situation to illustrate a point

when the speaker seeks to create a bond with the audience over shared values, beliefs, experiences, or attitudes

vivid language to help give the audience a mental picture

group member who becomes leader based on seniority, etc.

Impromptu speech

speech delivered with little to no preparation

Inclusive language

language that does not stereotype or patronize any group

Incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for someone else's idea

Inferential statistics

statistical presentation of facts that are used to predict things

changes in pitch and tone

Informative speech

intended to increased audience's awareness of a situation/topic

Initial credibility

credibility of speaker before they orate

the degree that the audience has arguments ready to answer when their beliefs, values or attitudes are challenged in a speech

anything that provides an obstacle from the listener receiving the message

Internal preview

gives the audience a glimpse of what will be discussed next

Internal summary

highlights speech points before moving on to another part of the speech

Invalid analogy

a fallacy; comparing two things that are not really alike

databases and resources that are not indexed by search engines

Issue based conflict

audience tests and debates ideas and solutions

specialized language to a profession

Key-word outline

outline that briefly touches on the main points of the speaker

study of body language

an account given by a non-expert

ability to influence people

Leading question

question that leads someone to answer to agree with the speaker's bias

used to show changes in numbers over time

person receiving a message

paying close attention to what is heard

Loaded question

question asked to reinforce the agenda

persuasive appeals on an audience's logic

major ideas discussed in speech

Manuscript speech

a speech written word for word

Matching hypothesis

the idea that people with be-friend other with people with similar levels of attractiveness

average of numbers

middle of a group of numbers

Mental dialogue with audience

mental conversation between audience and speaker during a persuasive speech

information being delivered to a listener by a speaker

comparing two things without the use of "like or as"

Metasearch engine

groups many search engines together to give several matches to a request

most frequent number in a group of numbers

a built to scale object of something larger

speaking without a change in inflection

Monroe's motivated sequence

organization of persuasive speech to seek action. The five steps: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Multimedia presentation

speech combining several types of video, visual aids, and audio

derogatory words used to defame a person or group

Narrative pattern of arrangement

defining something by explaining what it is not

Nonverbal communication

communication based on body language, expressions, and gestures

Open-ended questions

questions that allow the respondent to elaborate as much as they want

Operational definition

describing the meaning of something by what it does

Organizational chart

a pictorial of the group's hierarchy

Panel discussion

formal conversation on a given topic

appealling to emotions

how something is said (not what is said)

similar arrangement of words throughout the speech

stating a recorded idea in your own words

Patchwork plagiarism

taking ideas from various sources and passing them off as your own

a brief break in a speech, usually to emphasize a point

testimony from a non-expert based on first-hand experience

Periodical processing

lacking motivation to given subject the full attention

Personal based conflict

audiences argues with each other instead of focusing on topics

Persuasive speaking

intended to influence an audience's attitude's, beliefs, values and acts

shows percentages visually

claiming someone else's work as your own

Positive nervousness

controlling nervousness to help make a speech better

Presentational meeting

information delivered during business environment

Preliminary bibliography

list complied early of possible sources of information for research

Preview statement

a statement in the introduction that identifies the point of the speech

Primary research

research conducted first hand through interviews, surveys, etc

Problem/solution pattern of arrangement

describing a problem and justifying the solution

proper sound of a word

Question of fact

truth or fallacy of a statement

Question of policy

determination of a specific course of action is necessary

Question of value

determination of whether something is right or wrong

Quoting out of context

using a statement to distort the meaning given by the person

speed of person's speech

drawing a conclusion based on evidence

the idea of what a person hears last has the greatest effect

introducing an unrelated issue to divert attention

a book that puts all information in an easy-to-find format

using the same words or sets of words in a speech

Research interview

interview used to gather information for a speech

Residual message

the lasting message that the speaker wants the audience to remember after they leave

Rhetorical question

question that is answered mentally

pattern of sound the speech makes

Scale questions

designed to measure the level of agreement or disagreement with issues

shifting gaze throughout the room to the listeners

program used to find information on Internet

indexes web pages to match request

language-indicating where the speaker is in their speech ("in conclusion")

Self-fulfilling prophecy

also known as the Pygmalion Effect: if a person thinks of themselves as funny, clever, or stupid they will act in accordance with their thoughts

comparing two things using "like or as " e.g. she ran as fast as a cheetah

time and place of a speech

Situational audience analysis

analyzing the audience based on the size of the audience, setting of the speech, attitude toward the topic, attitudes toward the speaker, and occasion

fallacy; one step will inadvertently lead to the next and so on

Spatial pattern of arrangement

describing the physical proximity of the place or object

person delivering a message

Speaker credibility

includes speaker's expertise, trustworthiness, similarity, and physical attractiveness

Special encyclopedia

contains more detailed information about a specific topic

Special occasion speech

includes speeches of introduction, presentation, acceptance, roasts and toasts, eulogies, and dinner speeches

Specific purpose

what the speaker wants to accomplish in the speech

Speech of introduction

introduces main speaker to audience

Speech of presentation

gives someone a gift, award, or recognition

Speech to gain immediate action

persuasive speech seeking agreement and inciting action

Speech for passive agreement

persuasive speech seeking agreement but needing no action

Sponsoring organization

when there is no author the organization is typically responsible for the content

the feeling of nervousness when going in front of people to perform or speak

oversimplification of a person based on a few demographical attributes (all women are motherly, all men are "macho")

Strategic organization

putting a speech together to achieve a result

Supporting materials

material used to support a speech (examples, statistics, testimony)

several people speak on different aspects of same topic

three part argument; major premise, minor premise, and conclusion

two words that mean the same thing

a person that is stationary during the entirety of the speech

Target audience

the broader audience that will most likely be influenced by the speech

findings, eyewitness accounts, and opinions

a book of synonyms

subject of a speech

Topical pattern of arrangement

all topics are of equal importance and can be stated in any order

word or phrase that allow speaker to move fluidly between points

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

website address

questions that don't give enough information

people beliefs on what is good or bad (these characteristics are hardest to change)

Virtual library

combines Internet and library for research

mentally imagining success

unnecessary filling of silences (with sounds like ("ummm")

a reference book that is published annually (e.g. Farmer's Almanac)

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