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Chemistry Chapter 22

Terms in this set (33)

alkyl halide
An organic compound containing a halogen atom covalently bonded to an aliphatic carbon atom.
aryl halide
An organic compound that contains a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring or another aromatic group.
functional group
An atom or group of atoms that always reacts in a certain way in an organic molecule.
halocarbon
Any organic compound containing a halogen substituent.
halogenation
A process by which hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.
plastic
A polymer that can be heated and molded while relatively soft.
substitution reaction
A reaction of organic compounds in which one atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
alcohol
An organic compound in which a hydroxyl group replaces a hydrogen atom of a hydrocarbon.
amine
Organic compounds that contain nitrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms in aliphatic chains or aromatic rings and have the general formula RNH2.
denatured alcohol
Ethanol to which noxious substances have been added in order to make it unfit to drink.
ether
An organic compound that contains an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
hydroxyl group
An oxygen-hydrogen group covalently bonded to a carbon atoms.
aldehyde
An organic compound containing the structure in which a carbonyl group at the end of a carbon chain is bonded to a carbon atom on one side and a hydrogen atom on the other side.
amide
An organic compound in which the -H group of a carboxylic acid is replaced by a nitrogen atom bonded to other atoms.
carbonyl group
Arrangement in which an oxygen atom is double-bonded to a carbon atom.
carboxyl group
Consists of a carbonyl group bonded to a hydroxyl group.
carboxylic acid
An organic compound that contains a carboxyl group and is polar and reactive.
condensation reaction
Occurs when two smaller organic molecules combine to form a more complex molecule, accompanies by the loss of a small molecule such as water.
ester
An organic compound with a carboxyl group in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkyl group; may be volatile and sweet-smelling and is polar.
ketone
An organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbon atoms.
addition reaction
A reaction that occurs when other atoms bond to each of two atoms bonded by double or triple covalent bonds.
dehydration reaction
An elimination reaction in which the atoms removed form water.
dehydrogenation reaction
A reaction that eliminates two hydrogen atoms, which forma hydrogen molecule of gas.
elimination reaction
A reaction of organic compounds that occurs when a combination of atoms is removed from two adjacent carbon atoms forming an additional bond between the atoms.
hydrogenation reaction
An addition reaction in which hydrogen is added to atoms in a double or triple bond; usually requires a catalyst.
hydration reaction
An addition reaction in which a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group from a water molecule add to a double or triple bond.
addition polymerization
Occurs when all the atoms present in the monomers are retained in the polymer product.
condensation polymerization
Occurs when monomers containing at least two functional groups combine with the loss of a small by-product, usually water.
monomer
A molecule from which a polymer is made.
polymer
Large molecules formed by combining many repeating structural units (monomers); are synthesized through addition or condensation reactions.
polymerization reaction
A reaction in which monomer units are bonded together to form a polymer.
thermoplastic
A type of polymer that can be melted and molded repeatedly in to shapes that are retained when it is cooled.
thermosetting
A type of polymer that can be molded when it is first prepared but when cool cannot be remelted.
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