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APUSH Unit 1 Test

Terms in this set (74)

Christopher Colombus
October 12, 1492- Wanted to find Asia Minor in order to get silks, carpets, drugs, spices, and dyes but miscalculated the distance and wound up in North America, sailed the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria
Isabella and Ferdinand
Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon. Supported the voyage of Colombus
God, Gold, and Glory
These were the motivations to explore the new world
Reconquista
700 years of driving Muslims out of Spain (taking back Holy land)
Conquistadors
"conquerors." expected outcome of cultures to be Spanish and Indian
Encomienda System
Native Americans were required to farm, ranch, or mine for Spanish profit and the Spaniards were supposed to see to their wellbeing.
Aztecs
a sophisticated society that dominated Mexico. Was farmed intensively and very wealthy (gold and silver); millions died due to diseases that the Europeans brought
Tenochtitlan
Capital city of Aztecs; present-day Mexico City
Montezuma
The emperor of Aztecs who mistook Cortez for deity named Quertzlcoatl
Hernando Cortez
Voyaged to Mexico where he first fought but later formed alliances with native tribes. Was mistaken for Aztec god but eventually destroyed Aztecs
Hernando de Soto
1539-1542 Explored the SE part of US for riches
Incas
highly developed civilization with source of silver and gold w/ emperor called Inca
Maize
Indian corn; cultivation spread quickly improving nutrition levels and causing the population to rapidly increase
Potato
became a major staple of food in Ireland & England through Russia & N. China; grows easily; flourished in warmer areas (Africa)
John Cabot
1497- Italian navigator who sailed to Newfoundland on behalf of King Henry VII
Martin Luther
German monk who declared that certain doctrines of Roman Catholic Church were false; nailed his Ninety Five theses to church doors (attacked Catholic church)
Protestant Reformation
a major 16th century European movement aimed initially at reforming the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.
Roanoke
First colony in new world, although failed; "the Lost Colony"; est. by Walter Raleigh
Sir Walter Raleigh
explorer granted permission to establish an English settlement in any land "not in the actual possession of any Christian prince"; 1584- sent an exploration party for Chesapeake Bay but miscalculated and ended up on Roanoke
Virginia
new country named by Raleigh after Elizabeth (the Virgin Queen)
Mercantilism
an economic system where the object was to minimize imports and maximize exports and the trade that brought money in (in order to gain more profit)
The London Company
was granted land charter by James I; settlement between 34' and 41' north latitude; English joint stock company
The Plymouth Company
was granted land charter by James I; Settlement between 38' and 45' north latitude; English joint stock company
Jamestown
First successful colony located in Virginia and founded by Virginia Company
Tobacco
Was originally considered "vile" but after colonies, it was acceptable; W Indian tobacco in colonies was huge success--easy to grow and cultivate; was savior of Virginia colonies
John Rolfe
developed the extremely successful tobacco that saved Jamestown; was known for his marriage to the Indian princess Pochahontas
Pocahontas
daughter of Chief Powhatan; married John Rolfe and est. a sort of alliance between Indians and whites
Head Right System
Each person or head of household who came to Virginia received fifty acres of land for himself and fifty for every other person whose passage he paid
Indentured Servitude
In return for their transportation to Virginia, people were bound by contract to labor for their master without pay for usually seven years.
Chief Powhatan
chief who didn't view Europeans as a threat; traded with them and when Pocahontas married John Rolfe, an alliance was formed
Puritan
A reform Protestant sect of the Church of England which believed that people who were saved should separate from the mass of population; wanted to "purify" the church; calvanistic; "to live among sin invites God's wrath"
Anglican Church
The Church of England; Henry VIII's church
Plymouth
Colony near Massachusetts Bay that was founded by pilgrims
Mayflower Compact
compact agreement made before disembarking Mayflower; served as Plymouth's constitution for 70 years;
1. Just and Equal Laws
2. Majority Binding Vote- Laws approved by majority are binding
3. Popular Sovereignty- Political authority rest on the will of the people
Massachusetts Bay
"A City Upon A Hill"; The planners had planned every detail before leaving England so supplies were abundant; came to escape from sin
Boston
A ready made city composed of a cross section of age, sex, social class and occupation
Calvinistic
disciples of Protestant theologian John Calvin who believed that everyone still carried the burden of original sin (Adam and Eve had sex, creating life)
John Winthrop
Leader of Massachusetts Bay; "God will bring some heavy affliction upon this land."
Salem Witch Trials
14 women and 1 man hanged accused of witchcraft; 2 girls pretended to be afflicted by curses by them; trial by tribulation: hands & legs tied together w/ a stone and pushed off a river. If they drown, they are human, if they survive, they are witch & hanged
Roger Williams
Brilliant, zealous, and cantankerous Puritan preacher; believed that English had no right to settle unless Indians gave permission; believed in religious toleration (no one had a right to determine whether a person was a saint or not)
Ann Hutchinson
Was a devoted follower of Reverend John Cotton; held bible study at her home criticizing corrupt pastors and challenged the Puritan's political control of MA; after moving to NY, she and her 12 children were killed by Indians
New Hampshire
Settlers were followers of Ann Huchinson who moved from MA w/ minister John Wheelright; was largely populated by orthodox Puritans who were looking for better land
Connecticut
1634- Established by Rev. Thomas Hooker who thought that MA wasn't religious enough
Maryland: Catholics
1631- Founded by George and Cecilius Calvert (1st and 2nd lords of Baltimore) to be a refuge for their coreligionist, English Catholics
New Netherland
1624- established by a Dutch trading company; encouraged settlement by offering large tracts of land to anyone who settled 50 families in the colony.
William Penn
King Charles II owed Penn money so he gave him land inc. PA, DW, and pts. of NJ; was a Quaker
Quaker
rebels, they disrespected royals but were pacifists, non-violent, protested peacefully; were religiously tolerant
Fundamental Constitution of the Carolinas
120 detailed articles written by John Locke but thought by Anthony Ashley Cooper; created a blueprint for a society that was even more rigidly structured than feudalism
Charleston
trading city founded on the coast of South Carolina
Rice
Extremely lucrative export crop, flourished in flooded lowlands of SC
Indigo
a plant that produced blue dye (coveted)
Georgia
1732- Last of 13 colonies founded; was created to be a military buffer state protecting SC against Spanish in FL
Navigation Acts
put mercantilism into legal form
a. Colonial trade must be in English vessels w/ English crew
b. All goods imported from Europe must be taken into England first in order to be taxed
c. Colonial products called "enumerated articles" could ONLY be shipped to England
Triangle Trade
NE gave rum to Africa, Africa gave slaves to South, and South gave molasses to NE which turned into rum
Dominion of New England
a combo of NE including NY and NJ created by James II
Glorious Revolution
overthrow of James II by William and Mary
Iroquoian
Occupied territory from E Great Lakes through NY and into PA; not hostile with each other except for Hurons, Conestogas, Eries
Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederation
Cayugas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, and Senecas; very civilized
Slave Trade
A sordid business in which African kings collaborated w/ European and American merchants; slaves came from Ivory Coast
Middle Passage
sea-crossing that was cruelest pt. of trade
Benjamin Franklin
internationally known scientist, writer of charm and wit, founded libraries, learned societies, hospitals, and fire department, est. first abolitionist society; signed Declaration of Independence and Constitution
Albany Plan of Union
1754- first plan to unite colonies economically and politically written by Benjamin Franklin
Germans
Were so numerous in PA that official language was almost German; were pacifists--well educated, non-violent
Scotch Irish
Came in larger numbers than Germans; were trouble--drank, fought, were uneducated
William of Orange
1689- Was King of England; believed in salutary neglect
King William's War
AKA War of the League of Augsburg; Winter 1689-90- French, Algonkians, and Huron struck 1st blow in series of raids on NY, NH, and ME
Peace of Ryswick 1697
1690- an expedition from MA captured Port Royal, sacrificed MANY; the king just returns it back to France, NE realizes their interest were subordinate to those of England
Salutary Neglect
If the colonies were content, bustling, and prosperous, thus enriching the English merchant class, then it was salutary not to disturb it; "If it isn't broken, don't fix it"
Molasses Act of 1733
British West Indies sugar planters demanded that parliament put a tax on sugar and molasses imported into the mainland esp. from French sugar islands; implemented by Walpole but never enforced; kept both sides happy
Rev. Jonathan Edwards
Greatest figure in Great Awakening; preached to scare people into believing and opened church to everyone; collected "offering"
George Whitfield
Started Great Awakening; most successful minister; preached for 40 hrs/wk.
Enlightenment
Belief that human reason by itself could unlock the secrets of the universe and guide the improvement of humanity and science
Sir Isaac Newton
wrote Principia Mathematica (1687) and Opticks (1704); was a physicist and mathematician
Deism
God didn't intervene in the world of nature, but merely set the natural world in motion according to laws that human beings could discover and understand
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