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APUSH Gilded Age

Terms in this set (40)

The current ___________ was formed on March 11, 1824, by Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, who created the agency without authorization from the United States Congress. The Bureau of Indian Affairs has been involved in many controversial policies; rounding up native children and sending them to boarding schools to be assimilated, removing their indigenous languages, histories, and cultures
Bureau of Indian Affairs
was a Sioux holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies. Born near the Grand River in Dakota Territory, he was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him and prevent him from supporting the Ghost Dance movement.
Sitting Bull
was a Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota. He took up arms against the U.S. Federal government to fight against encroachments on the territories and way of life of the Lakota people, including leading a war party at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876.
Crazy Horse
Colonel Custer commanded a detachment of the Seventh Cavalry that was annihilated at the Battle of Little Bighorn in Montana in June 1876.
George A. Custer
When gold was discovered in the Black Hills Indian Reservation in South Dakota, whites invaded the Indians' lands and drove them on the warpath. The war culminated in June 1876, when Colonel George A. Custer and all his men were killed by Sioux Indians at the Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's Last Stand) in southern Montana.
Battle of Little Bighorn
Chief Joseph was chief of Idaho's Nez Perce Indians who, after a long campaign, finally surrendered to General Nelson A. Miles and U.S. troops in 1877. The Nez Perce were then sent to reservations in Oklahoma.
Chief Joseph
The Chivington massacre occurred in Colorado in 1864. A party of state militia commanded by John Chivington massacred a Cheyenne Indian community in an unprovoked, vicious, and bloodthirsty raid.
Sand Creek (Chivington) massacre
spiritual movement of dances in hope of bringing their lands back spread through the Plains Indians camps. The army intervened to stop the dances and there was a huge massacre at Wounded Knee, 200 people killed.
Ghost dances
The massacre at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota in 1890 effectively ended Indian resistance to white settlement on the Plains.
Wounded Knee
- black soldiers who helped served to defeat the Indians and benefit the whites
Buffalo Soldiers
In the Dawes Severalty Act (1887), Indian tribal lands were split up into individual land allotments. Provisions were made for Indian education and eventual citizenship. The law led to corruption, exploitation, and the weakening of Native American tribal culture. It was replaced in 1934.
Dawes Severalty Act
author of Century of Dishonor, criticized the government's treatment of Native Americans and their violations of treaties and rights.
Helen Jackson Hunt
began in 1849, the 49ers, started the mining boom. Comstock Lode, an ore worth $3,876 a ton was claimed by a Henry T.P. Comstock in Nevada spread the strikes.
California Gold rush
The Comstock Lode, the richest discovery in the history of gold and silver mining, was discovered near Virginia City, Nevada
Comstock Lode
German-Jewish immigrant to the United States who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm, Levi Strauss & Co., began in 1853 in San Francisco, California. It expanded with wholesale dry goods and flourished during the gold rush because supplies were in such high demand.
Levi Strauss
William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody was an American soldier, bison hunter and showman. He was one of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, and mostly famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes. Buffalo Bill received the Medal of Honor in 1872.
William F. Cody
forever alters land use in the West. It was perfected in 1874 and made effective, economical fencing. Farmers relied on it to contain their cattle and land.
Barbed wire
farmers in the Great Plains who had to clear the sod to make houses on their land.
Sodbusters
In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act, which gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. It encouraged westward migration into the Great Plains after the Civil War.
Homestead Act
1862, federal govt. set aside land to establish colleges for agriculture reasons; studying irrigation, crops, higher profits.
Morrill Land Grant Act
The Oklahoma Land Rush opened the Oklahoma Territory to occupation by white settlers in 1889, displacing the Native Americans. Guthrie was the first town created out of the initial rush
Oklahoma Land Rush
the main railroad lines with smaller railroad crossings and branches leading off from it.
Trunk line
the transcontinental railroad was created when the two lines, Union and Central Pacific, were joined in promontory Point, Utah in 1869 with a golden spike
Promontory point
an extremely wealthy robber baron (derogatory term) who used cut-throat competition to build the railroad empire and significantly change the U.S. He also promoted steel rails versus iron because they were cheaper and stronger. He died with a net worth of $100 million.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
the "Grange" was founded in 1867 by Oliver H. Kelly to support agriculture and add to rural life. It was a farmer's organization for social and economic reasons.
National grange movement
business organization that receives a charter from the government- giving it rights, power, and protection; creating a legal individual that can last forever.
Corporation
one company gets bigger by buying out its competitors, Standard Oil Company.
Horizontal integration
one company gets bigger by buying out companies in their supply line, U.S. Steel Co.
Vertical integration
stockholders give stocks to a board of trustees who manage several companies as one giant company
Trust
like a cartel; competing firms come together and set a price for each's share of the market.
like a cartel; competing firms come together and set a price for each's share of the market.
one business owns a major share of another company's stock so they can control them.
Holding companies
when several companies have a few mutual board members to slightly oversee them as a group.
Interlocking directories
Carnegie organized the Carnegie Steel Company, which dominated the industry for years. In his later years he turned his time and great wealth to philanthropic pursuits.
Andrew Carnegie
Morgan was a financial banker and masterful reorganizer of businesses, especially railroads. He also bought out Andrew Carnegie and organized the United States Steel Corporation.
J. Pierpoint Morgan
Rockefeller was an unusually skillful business organizer. He founded Standard Oil Company and the Standard Oil Trust, which dominated American oil refining. Like others of his ilk, he sought to stabilize his industry, reduce competition, and m
Rockafeller
J. P. Morgan and the attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 by combining Andrew Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and William Henry "Judge" Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. It was capitalized at $1.4 billion, making it the world's first billion-dollar corporation. At one time, U.S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world
U.S. Steel
John D. Rockefeller organized Standard Oil in Cleveland in 1870. Through ruthless competition and superb organization, the Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of oil refining in the United States by 1879
Standard Oil Company
economy-wide fluctuations in production or economic activity over several months or years.
Business cycle
Laissez-Faire capitalism calls for the complete non-involvement of government in the economy. The approach is one of "hands-off", in which prices, quality and competitive practices are solely determined by competition. This approach was advocated by the English economist Adam Smith in his work The Wealth of Nations and followed by the US government up until the late 1800's, early 1900's. He believed in the natural balance of supply and demand.
Adam Smith
The Knights of Labor was an inclusive national labor organization founded by Uriah Stephens and Terence Powderly; it was a reform organization as well as a labor organization. Its membership swelled in the 1880s, but declined in the aftermath of the Haymarket riot in 1886.
Knights of Labor
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