Unit 2 Sociology

Terms in this set (61)

Resocialization
The process by which existing social roles radically altered or replaced
Nature vs. Nurture
The debate over the influence of biological versus social influences in socialization
Secondary Socialization
Occurs in later childhood and adolescence when children go to school and come under the influence of non-family members
Socialization
The process of learning and internalizing the values, beliefs, and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society
Temperament
The combination of mental, physical, and emotional traits of a person, or the person's natural predispositions
Social Construction of Reality
What people define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others
Primary Socialization
All the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of interacting in and meeting the expectations of society.
Total Institution
An institution that controls almost all aspects of its members' lives and all aspects of the individual life is controlled by those in authority in the institution
Peer pressure
To the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values, or behavior in order to conform to group norms
Looking-Glass Self
A theory that explains that our sense of self results from the reflection of who we think we see by observing the treatment and behaviors of others towards us.
Generalized Other
Classes of people with whom a person interacts on the basis of generalized roles rather than individualized characteristics
Significant others
People in our lives whose opinions are important and regularly considered during interactions
Role-Taking
When children put themselves in someone else's shoes, understand how he/she feels, and anticipate how he/she will act
Feral Children
Wild or untamed children who grow up without typical adult socialization influences
Self
Represents your conscious experience of having a separate and unique identity andthe sum total of your perceptions and beliefs about yourself. It is the most central aspect of your personality.
Hidden Curriculum
the imparting of social values of society by the schools of that society
Peers
people of roughly the same age, similar social identity, and close social proximity
Mass Media
when information is distributed to large groups of people through a variety of methods
Achieved Status
A status attained through one's choices and efforts (college student, movie star, teacher, or athlete)
Social Structure
The complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and that organizes and establishes limits on people's behavior
Ascribed Status
A status present at birth (race, sex, or class)
Role
The expected behavior associated with a particular status position
Role Conflict
A condition in which the performance in one status interferes with the performance of a role in another status
Social Marginality
The state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure
Social Network
is a series of social relationships that links individuals directly to others and through them indirectly to still more people
Social Solidarity
relates to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles
Stigma
Any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identify that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance
Master Status
A status which stands out above our other statuses and which distracts others from really seeing who we are
Status symbols
Material signs that inform other of a person's specific status
Society
A population of people which shares the same geographic territory and culture
Status Set
All of the statuses that occupy at the same time
Status Inconsistency
When the occupancy of statuses whose levels of various rewards are inconsistent with one another
Status
A specific position that an individual occupies in a group
Role Strain
When conflicting roles can occur within the same status
Social Interaction
The process by which people act toward or respond to other people; it is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society
Group
A set of two or more people who share common identity, interact regularly, and have shared expectations (roles), and function in their mutually agreed upon roles.
Aggregate
A collection of people in the same place at the same time with no sense of interdependence
Category
A number of people who share common characteristics
Primary Group
A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion based interactions over an extended period of time
Secondary Group
A larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
Dyad
The smallest type of social group with two people
Triad
A group of three people
Coalition
When two group members pressure the third member into some sort of behavior that is potentially positive or negative
Instrumental leadership
Goal or task oriented leadership
Expressive Leadership
leadership that provides emotional support for members
Authoritarian leaders
Leaders who make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members
Laissez-faire leaders
Leaders who are minimally involved in decisions; encourage group members to make their own decisions
Democratic leaders
leaders who encourage group decision-making through consensus building
power
the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others
Charismatic Authority
authority that rests solely on the personal qualities of individual leaders and on the receptivity of followers
Authority
the power accepted as legitimate by those subjected to it
Coercion
the exercise of power through force or the threat of force
Legal-Rational
Authority that is a function of explicit laws or rules that define legitimate uses of power
Traditional Authority
Authority that is rooted in beliefs and practices that have been passed down over time
Utilitarian Organizations
Organizations that people typically join because of some tangible benefit which they expect to receive
Normative Organization
Organizations that people join because they perceive their goals as being socially or morally worthwhile
Bureaucracy
An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonal in personnel matters
Ideal Type
An abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon
Coercive Organizations
Organizations that people typically are forced into against their will
Goal Displacement
A process that occurs in organization when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals
Formal Organization
A highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals
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