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AP Psychology Chapter 6

Terms in this set (45)

Learning
Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience
Phobia
Irrational fears of specific objects or situations
Classical Conditioning
Type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response w/o previous conditioning
Unconditioned Response (UR)
Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs w/o previous condition
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditions, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response
Conditioned Response (CR)
Learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning
Trial
Consists of any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli
Acquisition
Initial stage of learning something
-Depends on Stimulus Contiguity
Extinction
Gradual weakening or disappearance of a conditioned response tendency
Spontaneous Recovery
-Reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus
-Response is weaker
Renewal Effect
If a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place
-Relapse
Stimulus Generalization
When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
-Little Albert
Stimulus Discrimination
When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to a new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus
Higher-Order Conditioning
A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus
Operant Conditioning
Form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by consequences
Law of Effect
If a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association btw the stimulus + the response is tightened
-Successful responses are "stamped in"
-Thorndike
Reinforcement
When an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
Anoperant Chamber/ Skinner Box
Small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled
Reinforcement Contingencies
Circumstances or rules that determine whether response lead to the presentation of reinforces
Cumulative Recorder
Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner Box as a function of time
Primary Reinforcers
Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs
Secondary/Conditioned Reinforcers
Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated w/ primary reinforcers
Shaping
Consists of the reinforcement of closer + closer approximations of a desired response
Resistance to Extinction
Occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer has been terminated
Discriminative Stimuli
Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences of a response
Schedule of Reinforcement
Determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer
Continues Reinforcement
Occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced
-Used to shape/establish new responses
Intermittent/Partial Reinforcement
Occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time
-Makes response more resistant to extinction
Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule
Reinforcer is given after a fixed # of non-reinforced responses
Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule
Reinforcer is given after a variable # of non-reinforced responses
Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule
Reinforcer is given for the 1st response after a fixed time interval has elapsed
Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule
Reinforcer is given for the 1st response after a variable time interval has elapsed
Positive Reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus
Escape Learning
An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation
Avoidance Learning
An organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring
Punishment
Occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response
Preparedness
Involves species-specific predispositions to be conditioned in certain ways and not others
Latent Learning
Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs
Observational Learning
Systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
-Bandura
Evaluative Conditioning
Consists of efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a US to a new CS
Stimulus Contiguity
The occurrence of stimuli together in time and space
Ways to Make Punishment Effective
I. Apply it swiftly
II. Use it just severe enough to be effective
III. Make it consistent
IV. Explain it
V. Use non-corporal punishments
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation
4 Key Processes of Observational Learning
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