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Social Psychology Test 1

Terms in this set (99)

What is the basis for Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

A) Human behavior is directed by bodily desires excluded from consciousness to appease social forces.
B) Human behavior is directed by conscious bodily desires to appease social forces.
C) Human behavior is directed by dreams.
D) Human behavior is directed by aggression and genetics.
Human behavior is directed by bodily desires excluded from consciousness to appease social forces.
Kelly wants her son's good behavior at the park to reoccur the next time they go to the park. According the behaviorists, what is the BEST way for Kelly to increase the likelihood for a reoccurrence of her son's good behavior?

A) Do nothing; her son will make his own choices.
B) Yell at her son.
C) Tell her son that he has to go home to do his chores.
D) Give her son ice cream immediately upon leaving the park.
Give her son ice cream immediately upon leaving the park.
The way an individual understands his or her own social world is known as:

A) psychoanalysis.
B) behaviorism.
C) social contagion.
D) social cognition.
social cognition.
What do people often rely on in order to make judgments?

A) competition
B) social comparison
C) social contagion
D) dispositions
social comparison
The process of developing, testing, and refining theories to understand the determinants of social behavior is called:

A) social cognition.
B) the scientific method.
C) social comparison.
D) neuroscience.
the scientific method.
_____ provide(s) the basis for how social psychologists accumulate knowledge regarding the determinants of human thoughts, feelings, and actions.

A) The developmental perspective
B) The scientific method
C) The existential perspective
D) Social cognition
the scientific method.
Explanations of why an individual engaged in a particular action is referred to as:

A) causal attributions.
B) cultural knowledge.
C) attribution theory.
D) social comparison.
causal attributions.
Based on his attribution theory, Heider referred to people as:

A) intuitive scientists.
B) genetically predisposed.
C) mind readers.
D) culturally competent.
intuitive scientists.
Mason served as a confederate for a study conducted by his psychology class. During the study conducted with participants, Mason touched his face and tapped his hands on the desk throughout the session. What behavior was MOST likely exhibited by the participants?

A) The participants touched their faces and tapped their hands on the desk more often with Mason present in the room.
B) The participants' behavior was no different with Mason in or out of the testing room.
C) The participants touched their faces more but did not tap their hands more when Mason was in the room.
D) The participants did not touch their faces more or tap their hands more when Mason was in the room.
The participants touched their faces and tapped their hands on the desk more often with Mason present in the room.
What statement is MOST accurate?

A) Correlation implies causation.
B) Correlation does not impact causation.
C) Correlation does not imply causation.
D) Correlation and causation are unrelated.
Correlation does not imply causation.
What is the ultimate function of a good theory?

A) to predict the future
B) to explain the past
C) to be experimental
D) to be useful in moving science forward
to be useful in moving science forward
What is a confound?

A) The degree to which the dependent measure assesses what it intends to assess or the independent variable manipulates what it intends to manipulate.
B) How often the dependent measure assesses what it intends to assess or the independent variable manipulates what it intends to manipulate
C) A specific, concrete method of measuring or manipulating a conceptual variable.
D) A variable other than the conceptual variable intended to be manipulated that may be responsible for the effect on the dependent variable.
A variable other than the conceptual variable intended to be manipulated that may be responsible for the effect on the dependent variable.
Identify the study in which African Americans were infected with disease, not told they had the disease, and not given penicillin.

A) Milgram's obedience study
B) the Tuskegee syphilis experiment
C) the Stanford Prison experiment
D) the Asch conformity study
the Tuskegee syphilis experiment
What organization established a code of ethics by which all psychological researchers must abide?

A) the SPCA
B) the APA
C) the FPA
D) the AMA
the APA
The procedure in which participants are assessed for suspicion and then receive a gentle explanation of the true nature of the study in a manner that counteracts any negative effects of the study experience is called:

A) debriefing.
B) deescalating.
C) decoding.
D) desensitizing.
debriefing.
Psychology
The scientific study of behavior and the mind
Science
The systematic gathering of data to provide descriptions of events taking place under specific conditions, enabling researchers to explain, predict, and control events
Pseudoscience
A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how individuals think and feel about, influence, and relate to one another
Theory
A set of general principles that attempts to explain and predict behavior or other phenomena
Hypothesis
The thesis, or main idea, of an experiment or study consisting of a statement that predicts the relationship between at least two variables
Experimental Studies
Manipulate one variable to see if it affects another

Can determine causality
Correlational Studies
observe/measure natural associations to assess relation between two or more variables

Cannot determine causality
Correlation stats
*r is a decimal that ranges from -1 to 1

*0 means there is no correlation

*1 means there is a strong, positive correlation

*As one variable goes up, so does the other

*-1 means there is a strong, negative correlation

*As one variable goes up, the other goes down
Power
Asymmetric control over resources and/or the ability to reward and punish
Perspective-Taking
The ability to understand a situation from someone else's point of view
construct validity
How well did they operationalize the variables
internal validity
Did the IV cause the observed differences in the DV?
Cognitive Psychology
The scientific study of basic mental abilities such as perception, learning and memory
Social Cognition
*select information
*store information
*retrieve information from memory
schemas
Mental structures that represent knowledge about a concept or type of stimuli
self-fulfilling prophecies
Believing something will happen and then it happening
Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional (internal) causes rather than situational (external) causes
Types of Cultures
...
Types of self-esteem
...
Ways to measure implicit/automatic processes
...
Four horseman of automaticity
*Intention
*Awareness
*Control
*Efficiency
External validity
The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations and settings
Statistical validity
The appropriateness of the study's conclusion based on statistical analyses
What philosopher proposed the theory of natural selection?

A) John Locke
B) Kant
C) Charles Darwin
D) Kierkegaard
Charles Darwin
What is a key ingredient in the evolution of natural selection?

A) variability
B) evolution
C) competition
D) money
competition
The process of evolution by natural selection has often been characterized as:

A) the survival of the happiest.
B) the survival of the fittest.
C) the survival of the richest.
D) the survival of the smartest.
the survival of the fittest.
Identify a factor that contributes to people being exceptionally intelligent human beings.

A) nonverbal skills
B) rational proclivities
C) All the answers are correct
D) verbal skills
All the answers are correct
What is a key component of the motivational system?

A) sacrifice
B) vision
C) intelligence
D) emotion
emotion
The rational system involved increased activation in which region of the brain?

A) limbic system
B) frontal lobe
C) hippocampus
D) parietal lobe
frontal lobe
Another word to describe an attitude is:

A) belief.
B) value.
C) culture.
D) preference.
preference.
Which value involves freedom, choice, excitement, and accomplishment?

A) conformity
B) security
C) self-direction
D) tradition
self-direction
What is a position within a group that entails specific ways of acting and dividing labor, responsibility, and resources?

A) cultural symbols
B) self-direction
C) social roles
D) conformity
social roles
How a culture adapts to its physical surroundings has an influence on:

A) perceptions; genetics.
B) thought processes; genetics.
C) genetics; survival.
D) perceptions; thought processes.
perceptions; thought processes.
Who developed the uncertainty identity theory?

A) Michael Hogg
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Karen Horney
D) John Locke
Michael Hogg
Living up to cultural standards of values provides a sense of:

A) fragility.
B) self-esteem.
C) culture.
D) independence.
self-esteem.
Which cultural group experienced cultural trauma?

A) indigenous tribal cultures across the world
B) children displaced by war
C) All the answers are correct
D) the inhabitants of Bikini Island
All the answers are correct
When people gradually shift almost entirely from their traditional culture to the beliefs and ways of the new culture, they are going through which process?

A) integration
B) assimilation
C) acculturation
D) cultural trauma
assimilation
Santiago moved from Venezuela to the United States several years ago. Santiago incorporates many of his traditions from his homeland of Venezuela but also has grown accustomed to the U.S. culture. What has Santiago achieved?

A) integration
B) assimilation
C) cultural trauma
D) acculturation
integration
The notion that people construct an understanding of reality is the underpinning of which psychological theoretical orientation?

A) humanistic
B) psychoanalytic
C) cognitive-behavioral
D) gestalt
gestalt
The need for _________ refers to the motivation to achieve a correct, truthful, understanding of a given person, idea, or event.

A) full disclosure
B) nonspecific closure
C) accurate knowledge
D) specific closure
accurate knowledge
Identify which motive in the theory of lay epistemology refers to the notion of reaching a conclusion that fits well with the specific beliefs and attitudes that one already prefers.

A) the need for accurate knowledge
B) the need for specific closure
C) the need for full disclosure
D) the need for nonspecific closure
the need for specific closure
Research has found that thoughts being typed out in facilitated communication were actually those of the:

A) sibling.
B) facilitator.
C) parent.
D) child.
facilitator.
Which system(s) of organizing information is guided by automatic associations between stimuli, concepts, and behaviors that have been repeatedly associated through our personal life history of learning?

A) the experiential system
B) the biological system
C) the cognitive system
D) the physiological system
the experiential system
In what way is the unconscious smart?

A) Unconscious emotional associations can promote beneficial decisions.
B) Memory consolidation occurs during sleep.
C) Intuition can facilitate sound decisions.
D) All of these are correct
All of these are correct
Categories are like mental containers in which people place things that are:

A) organized.
B) dissimilar.
C) similar.
D) equal.
similar.
What factor contributes to the emergence of a contrast effect?

A) when people are aware that the primed information might affect their subsequent judgments
B) when people are aware of the primed information
C) All of these are correct
D) when the primed information is extreme
All of these are correct
Identify which concept provides people with a sense of psychological security.

A) assimilation effects
B) confirmation bias
C) contrast effects
D) chronically accessible schemas
confirmation bias
A(n) ____ is a generalized state of affect that persists longer than the experience of an emotion.

A) attitude
B) disorder
C) judgment
D) mood
mood
Based on research documented in your text, participants in negative mood states focused on ____ before making a judgment.

A) the bigger picture
B) why they were feeling badly
C) relevant details
D) positive things
relevant details
Based on research documented in your text, participants in _____ mood states focused on relevant details before making a judgment.

A) critical
B) consistent
C) negative
D) positive
negative
In order to make sense of the world, people count on their ability to _____ events, people, and objects encountered in the past.

A) organize
B) remember
C ) forget
D) feel
remember
Lack of sensory information to begin with, lack of attention needed to encode sensory information, and lack of motivation to consolidate information can result in:

A) problems with short-term memory.
B) lack of flashbulb memory.
C) problems with long-term memory.
D) memory breakdown.
memory breakdown.
When cues that are given after an event create false information into memory, it is called:

A) schema-resistant information.
B) the misinformation effect.
C) the availability heuristic.
D) schema-consistent information.
the misinformation effect.
Recall the findings from Carol Dweck's (1975) investigation of causal attributions of elementary-school girls and choose the BEST answer.

A) Girls tended to blame their parents for their performance.
B) Girls tended to attribute their difficulties to stable, external factors only.
C) Girls tended to attribute their difficulties to the unstable, internal factor or to external factors.
D) Girls tended to attribute their difficulties to a stable, internal cause.
Girls tended to attribute their difficulties to a stable, internal cause.
What is the term used that provides quick information about the person being observed?

A) the fundamental attribution error
B) the correspondent inference
C) the covariation principle
D) the actor-observer effect
the correspondent inference
According to Harold Kelly, what source of information is involved for arriving at a causal attribution when accuracy is important?

A)consistency
B) All of the answers are correct
C) distinctiveness
D) consensus
All of the answers are correct
Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize familiar:

A) faces.
B) books.
C) places.
D) food.
faces.
An EEG was conducted on Jasmine's brain, and there was significantly less activation in the fusiform face area. Based on research, Jasmine is MOST likely to have which illness?

A) a learning disability
B) major depression
C) bipolar disorder
D) autism
autism
False consensus is a general tendency to assume that other people share our own attitudes, opinions, and:

A) emotions.
B) behaviors.
C) preferences.
D) traits.
preferences.
The following statement represents which counterfactual: "If only I had studied a little harder, I could have gotten a 4.0"?

A) positive counterfactual
B) neutral counterfactual
C) downward counterfactual
D) upward counterfactual
upward counterfactual
Angie was visiting her aunt in the hospital who had recently had surgery to remove cancer from her liver. Angie said to her aunt, "You were lucky they got it early and that it hadn't spread to your lymph nodes." Angie is using what type of counterfactual?

A) narrow
B) positive
C) downward
D) upward
downward
Based on research of upward and downward counterfactuals, choose the BEST response.

A) An Olympic bronze-medal winner would be more depressed than a silver-medal winner.
B) An Olympic bronze-medal winner would be the happiest of all the medal winners.
C) An Olympic bronze-medal winner would be happier than a gold-medal winner.
D) An Olympic bronze-medal winner would be happier than a silver-medal winner.
An Olympic bronze-medal winner would be happier than a silver-medal winner.
The view that you hold of yourself and your traits, social roles, and social identities is called the:

A) id.
B) ego.
C) self-concept.
D) superego.
self-concept.
The ego is the aspect of self that directs _____ and ______.

A) actions; feeling
B) behaviors; feelings
C) thoughts; actions
D) thoughts; feelings
thoughts; actions
Social role theory suggests that gender ______ in behavior, personality, and self-definition arise because of a long history of role distribution between the sexes.

A) differences
B) similarities
C) features
D) changes
differences
The theory that people come to understand themselves partly by comparing themselves with similar others is called:

A) downward comparison.
B) upward comparison.
C) social comparison theory.
D) social identity theory.
social comparison theory.
With whom are people MOST likely to compare themselves?

A) people in a large group
B) national averages
C) entities that lie outside of their immediate day-to-day experiences
D) people in their local environment
people in their local environment
Identify the factor(s) explaining why people use the self-perception process.

A) to determine abilities
B) to determine personality traits
C) All of these are correct
D) to determine how one is feeling
All of these are correct
What is MOST likely to happen when people stop trying to suppress thoughts?

A) a backlash
B) ego depletion
C) ironic processing
D) the rebound effect
the rebound effect
According to research, how long can it take to strengthen self-control?

A) two years
B) two days
C) two hours
D) two weeks
two weeks
The cognitive reframing of a situation to minimize emotional reaction to it is called:

A) rebound effects.
B) ironic processing.
C) cognitive reappraisal.
D) denial.
cognitive reappraisal.
Frances is a heavy drinker and is experiencing cognitive dissonance. Choose the BEST example of something Frances might say to herself.

A) "Alcohol helps me to relax. I'm happier when I'm relaxed."
B) "Alcohol is not a problem for me. I can quit whenever I want. "
C) "We all die from something. I would rather live a shorter but more enjoyable life."
D) "I love alcohol. It makes me a more fun person."
"We all die from something. I would rather live a shorter but more enjoyable life."
Identify the BEST choice of how one may cope with dissonance.

A) spreading the alternative
B) denial
C) free choice
D) contagion
spreading the alternative
Weak external justification, _____, _____, and foreseeable aversive consequences are examples of factors that affect the magnitude of dissonance.

A) choice; commitment
B) commitment; induced compliance
C) induced compliance; choice
D) reduced compliance; commitment
choice; commitment
The self-serving attributional bias is to make _____ attributions for bad things that one does, but _____ attributions for good things one does.

A) external; internal
B) internal; positive
C) external; positive
D) negative; positive
external; internal
What is an anxiety buffer?

A) the idea that self-handicapping allows people to face threats with their anxiety minimized
B) the idea that self-esteem allows people to face threats with their anxiety minimized
C) the idea that self-esteem allows people to face threats with their anxiety maximized
the idea that self-esteem allows people to face threats with their anxiety minimized
What components make up self-compassion?

A) optimism; creativity; curiosity
B) defensiveness; mindfulness; the recognition that everyone makes mistakes sometimes
C) optimism; self-kindness; openness
D) self-kindness; the recognition that everyone makes mistakes sometimes; mindfulness
self-kindness; the recognition that everyone makes mistakes sometimes; mindfulness
According to Erving Goffman's dramaturgical perspective, every social interaction involves self-presentation in which actors perform according to a:

A) script.
B) cultural perspective.
C) book.
D) movie.
script.
In the dramaturgical perspective, conscious attempt to perform in a certain way in order to make a particular impression is called a ________ performance.

A) cynical
B) sincere
C) incongruent
D) cultural
cynical
Which of the following is the BEST example of a cynical performance?

A) studying for an exam
B) going on a job interview
C) spending time with family
D) taking a test
going on a job interview
Achieving _____ is the feeling of being completely absorbed in an activity that is appropriately challenging to one's skills.

A) flow
B) locus of control
C) self-determination
D) overjustification
flow
Positive emotions, such as happiness and excitement, can stimulate _____ thoughts.

A) negative
B) intelligent
C) creative
D) exciting
creative
What experiences motivate people to seek out security?

A) feeling inadequate
B) feeling threatened
C) All of these are correct
D) feeling unfulfilled
All of these are correct
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