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Speech Science Week 3

Terms in this set (148)

______________ ___________ is a measure of the cycles per second of vocal fold vibration.
fundamental frequency
Fundamental frequency is a PHYSICAL MEASURE/PERCEPTION.
physical measure
_______ is the listener's subjective perception of how high or low a speaker's voice is.
pitch
Pitch is a PHYSICAL MEASURE/PERCEPTION.
perception
True or False: Fundamental frequency and pitch mean the same thing.
false
Loudness is also called ___________.
intensity
In a _______ voice, frequency and pitch may NOT match.
rough
___________ ___________is air pressure under the vocal folds, that it built up when the vocal folds are closed.
subglottal pressure
1) Increasing subglottal pressure DECREASES/INCREASES voice intensity
increases
2) Increasing subglottal pressure causes the vocal folds to come together with LESS/MORE force.
more force
3) Increasing subglottal pressure causes the vocal folds to become LESS/MORE tense.
more tense
4) Increasing subglottal pressure causes the Bernoulli effect to be WEAKER/STRONGER.
stronger
So, in summary, talking loud:
1) increases _____________
2) increases __________
3) increases__________ vocal folds hit together
4) Increases __________ (think scream)
1) pressure 2) tension 3) force 4) frequency
Increasing subglottal pressure leads to an INCREASE/DECREASE in intensity.
increase
Small increases in ________________, cause large increases in ____________.
pressure, intensity
The internal intercostal _______________ muscle raise pressure for stressed syllables.
interosseous
The interosseous muscles can raise subglottal pressure for stressed syllables because they can pull down on the ________ quickly.
ribs
Higher subglottal pressure=
1) higher ___________
2) increased __________
1) frequency 2) duration
In the vibratory cycle, loud/intense voices have a SHORT/LONG opening phase and a SHORT/LONG closed phase.
short, long
In the vibratory cycle, soft/less intense voices have a SHORT/LONG opening phase and a SHORT/LONG closed phase.
long, short
In the vibratory cycle, loud/intense voices have a LESSER/GREATER amplitude
greater
In the vibratory cycle, soft/ less intense voices have a LESSER/GREATER amplitude
lesser
For low intensity or breathy voices, the vocal folds may never _______.
close
The ______________ is the physical mechanism of the articulatory system.
resonator
The resonator of the articulatory system is the ________ ________.
vocal tract
_____________ is the result of filtering the sound source as it passes through the supraglottal cavities of the vocal tract.
resonance
Supraglottal means BELOW/ABOVE glottis.
above
Some frequencies are __________ as they pass through the resonator, which others will be __________.
amplified, dampened
____________ means softer or no force added.
dampened
In speech, the supraglottal cavities are shaped by the ___________.
articulators
The resonant frequencies of the vocal tract are determined in large part by the cavity _______ and ______.
size, shape
Vocal-fold vibrations are APERIODIC/PERIODIC
periodic
Vocal-fold vibration usually provides a periodic sound source for ______ and _______ consonants.
vowels, voiced
Noise at the glottis (whisper) can provide a APERIODIC/PERIODIC sound source for vowels of speech.
aperiodic
Both periodic and aperiodic sound sources _____ the resonances of the vocal tract cavities.
excite
What are the 3 vocal tract cavities?
1) nasal 2) oral 3) pharyngeal
The _________ is formed by a tube of constrictor muscles.
pharynx
What are the 3 CONTRACTING muscles of the pharynx that NARROW the pharynx?
1) Superior constrictors
2) Middle constrictors
3) Inferior constrictors
What 2 muscles RAISE and WIDEN the pharynx?
1) Stylopharyngeus
2) Palatopharyngeous
Draw a picture of the palatopharyngeous muscle
The ________________ ligament is is a tendinous band of the buccopharyngeal fascia, attached by one extremity to the hamulus of the medial pterygoid plate, and by the other to the posterior end of the mylohyoid line of the mandible.
pterygomandibular
The _______ _______ is formed by the space between the teeth, upper and lower jaws (maxilla, mandible), and tongue.
oral cavity
The oral cavity is formed by the space between the ______, upper and lower _____ (maxilla, mandible) and _________.
teeth, jaw, tongue
The oral cavity contains landmarks for ______________.
articulation
Teeth produce ________ sounds.
dental
Alveolar ridge produces ________ sounds.
alveolar
The velum produces ________ sounds.
velar
The velum is also know as the _______ _______.
soft palate
θ, ð are produced by the________.
teeth
/t, d, n, s/ are produced by the ________ ________.
alveolar ridge
/k. g, ŋ/ are produced by the ______.
velum
The ______ space is the space between the lips and teeth.
buccal
Normally the velum hangs DOWN/UP at the back of the oral vacity
down
The velum ends in the ______.
uvula
When the velum hangs DOWN, the oral and nasal cavities are SEPARATED/JOINED.
joined
When the velum is DOWN, and the oral and nasal cavities are COUPLED, acoustic energy is resonated in both the ______ and ______.
mouth and nose
When the velum is DOWN, and the oral and nasal cavities are COUPLED, acoustic energy is resonated in both the mouth and nose IS/IS NOT good for most English sounds.
in not
What 2 muscles are responsible for RAISING the velum?
1) levator palatini 2) Superior constrictor
When the velum is RAISED the VP port is CLOSED/OPEN
closed
What does VP port stand for?
velopharyngeal port
The ________ _______ muscles separates the nasal and pharyngeal cavities.
levator palatini
The levator palatini is also used for ________ sounds.
speech
The main job of the superior constrictor muscle is to ________ the VP port.
narrow
____________ of the levator palatini allows the velum to DROP.
relaxation
When the velum is DROPPED, the VP port is CLOSED/OPEN
open
When the VP post is OPEN air flows freely into the _______ cavity (as in breathing).
nasal cavity
The velum must be LOWERED (DROPPED) for ______ speech sounds.
nasal
In _______ speech the drop and re-raising in velum needs to happen QUICKLY.
running
The velum DROP and RAISING needs to happen __________- more than gravity can be counted upon for.
quickly
What 2 muscles assist in OPENING the VP port during running speech
1) Palatoglossus
2) Palatopharyngeus
Remember, the palatopharyngeous also __________ the pharynx.
elevates
The palatopharyngeous is LATERAL/MEDIAL to the palatoglossus.
medial
The palatoglossus and palatopharyngeous muscles LOWER/RAISE the velum quickly.
lower
The specific function, at a particular time, for the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeous muscle depends on which attachment is ________.
stable
LOWERING the velum, and OPENING the VP port helps to keep vowels from sounding _______.
nasally
What are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
1) styloglossus 2) hyoglossus 3) genioglossus 4) palatoglossus
The extrinsic tongue muscle control tongue POSITION-MOVEMENT/SHAPE
position-movement
The extrinsic tongue muscles are best for CONSONANTS/VOWELS.
vowels
The styloglossus extrinsic tongue muscle moves the tongue _____ and _____.
up and back
The hyoglossus extrinsic tongue muscle moves the tongue _____ and _____.
down and back
The genioglossus extrinsic tongue muscle moves the tongue _____ and _____ out of the mouth.
up and forward
The ________ _________ INTRINSIC tongue muscles helps the genioglossus, by pulling down the tongue so that it is not hanging out of the mouth.
inferior longitudinal
The palatoglossus extrinsic tongue muscle moves the tongue _____.
up
The palatoglossus extrinsic tongue muscle ONLY moves the tongue up in the ANTERIOR/POSTERIOR.
posterior (back)
Remember, the palatoglossus muscle also helps to LOWER/RAISE the velum quickly to CLOSE/OPEN the VP port.
lower, open
The__________ extrinsic tongue muscle produces FRONT vowels.
genioglossus
The _________ extrinsic tongue muscle produces BACK vowels.
palatoglossus
/u / is produced by the _________ extrinsic tongue muscle.
styloglossus
/a/ is produced by the _________ extrinsic tongue muscle.
hyoglossus
/i/ is produced by the _________ extrinsic tongue muscle.
genioglossus
The __________ and _________ extrinsic tongue muscles work together to bring the tongue UP
styloglossus, palatoglossus
You would use the ________ extrinsic tongue muscle when the doctor tells you to say, "Ahhhhh".
hyoglossus
What are the 4 intrinsic tongue muscles?
1) superior longitudinal 2) inferior longitudinal 3) verticle muscle 4) transverse muscle
The intrinsic tongue muscle control tongue POSITION-MOVEMENT/SHAPE
shape
The superior longitudinal intrinsic tongue muscle ______ the tongue tip.
raises
The inferior longitudinal intrinsic tongue muscle ______ the tongue tip
lowers
Remember, the inferior intrinsic tongue muscle helps the __________ EXTRIINSIC tongue muscle by pulling down the tongue so that it is not hanging out of the mouth.
genioglossus
The vertical intrinsic tongue muscle ______ the tongue body.
flattens
The transverse intrinsic tongue muscle ______ and ______ the tongue
narrows, points
/t, s/ is produced by the _______________ intrinsic tongue muscle.
superior longitudinal
/i/ is produced by the _______________ intrinsic tongue muscle.
inferior longitudinal
/sh/ is produced by the _______________ intrinsic tongue muscle.
vertical
/t/ is produced by the _______________ intrinsic tongue muscle.
transverse
The ________ ______ muscle encircles the lips.
obicularis oris
The obicularis oris muscle helps in 1) _______ closures and 2) lip _________
bilabial, rounding
Bilabial closures produced by the OBICULARIS ORIS include:
/p, b, m/
Lip rounding produced by the OBICULARIS ORIS include:
/u/, and /w/
The ________ muscle draws the corners of the lips back and up.
risorius
The risorius lip muscle is active in lip _________.
spreading
Lip spreading sounds produced by the RISORIUS lip muscle include:
/i/
The _____________ muscle draws the corners of the lips back.
buccinator
The __________ _________ _____ helps to compress the lips for bilabial sounds.
depressor anguli oris
__________ is a disturbance in a medium (like air)
sound
In sound, the _______ travels, not the particle.
wave
A sound wave can be _______ or ______.
simple, complex
A ________ sound wave has ONE frequency only: a pure tone
simple
A _______ sound wave has MULTIPLE frequencies.
complex
Speech is a SIMPLE/COMPLEX sound wave.
complex
SHM stands for
simple harmonic motion
Pure tones result from ___________ _________ _________.
simple harmonic moition
Patterns of SMH 1) the pattern of vibration always ________ itself (it is APERIODIC/PERIODIC)
repeats, periodic
Patterns of SMH 2) each cycle takes DIFFERENT/SAME amount of time.
same
________ is the time it takes a sound wave to repeat itself
period
Patterns of SMH 3) ______________ is CONSTANT
frequency
___________ is how many repetitions of the sound wave per second.
frequency
Patterns of SMH 4) The graphic representation is a TRANSVERSE/SINE wave.
sine
What are 3 examples of things that move in SMH?
1) tuning forks
2) pendulums
3) swings
In a tuning fork, _______ is displaced (moved) from equilibrium.
tines
The tines of a tuning fork vibrate in _________ ________ motion.
simple harmonic
_________ is loudness.
amplitude
______________ of the tone changes, the HARDER you strike the tuning fork.
amplitude
____________ and _________ DO NOT change the harder you strike the tuning fork.
frequency, pitch
Initial impact of tines starts movement AWAY/TOWARDS rest.
away
____________ means distance from resting position
displacement
___________ allows displacement
elasticity
As the tine of a vibrating tuning fork moves AWAY from its rest position, the force of ________ increases
elasticity
Elasticity also generates a _________ _______ that STOPS the movement.
resisting force
The RESISTING force wants to GO AWAY FROM/RETURN TO resting position.
return
Elasticity is the tendency of a body to _______ deformation and when deformed, to ________ to its resting position.
resist, return
__________ is the tendency for motion or lack of motion to continue; or the tendency of a body to keep going once it is set into motion, or to stay motionless once movement stops.
inertia
Inertia carries the tines PAST/UP TO rest position
past
The _______ _______ then builds up in the opposite direction and fork returns to rest position.
restoring factor (RF)
Towards rest, inertia INCREASES/DECREASES
increases
Towards rest, elasticity INCREASES/DECREASES
decreases
RF is stronger when inertia is WEAK/STRONG
weak
RF is WEAKER/STRONGER when tines are more displaced.
stronger
Inertia is stronger when RF is WEAK/STRONG
weak
Inertia is STRONGER/WEAKER at rest position
stronger
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