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body tuberaised and lowered in focusing in microscopestransient bacteriabacteria that could easily b removed from the skinresident bacteriabacteria that normally live on the skinIgnatz Semmelweisthe man who first observed the relationship between handwashing and diseasePuerpal feverThe disease that help reduceby requiring medical student to wash their handsStaphylococciMSA medium is selective forYeastmaybe found in the resident microbe group.Transient floramold spores may be part of theFecestyphoid fever may be spread by hands in contact withFalseA single antibiotic is usually toxic to both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.small dosesantibiotic is usually effective incidalmeans"kill"staticmeans"inhibits growth,stop,to arrest"antisepticsagents used to kill or inhibit growth of vegetative cells aresanitizersagents uses to kill bacteria on well cleaned food handling equipmentMicrobiologythe study of microorganismPathogenicdisease - causingParasitology:study of protozoan and helminth caused diseaseAntibiotics:chemotherapeutic agents produced by microorganisms.Chemotherapy:treatment of disease with chemicalsImmunitystimulating the body's own ability to combat infectionImmunologystudy the immune system, which provides us protection against pathogen.Bubonic plaguecaused by Yersinia pestis, infected fleas carried the bacterium, bite the rat. Rat dies and fleas bite human. Made the lymph glands swollenBuboesKiled 25 million people in Middle agesPotato blightfungus Phytophthora infestans infected the potato caused the starvation of Irish faminie in 1800sTyphusa bacterial disease, in 1812, caused Napoleon loss to Russiasmall oox and measlesEuropean brought the diseases to Central and south AmericanWhy study microbiology?Microorganisms are part of the human environment and are therefore important to human health and activities.Environmental Microbiology ( microbiology ecologythe study of how microorganisms affect the earth and its atmosphereRecyle vital elements (C,N,O,S,P )convert elements into forms that are usefulsewage treatmentremove suspension and harmful microbes; recyle waterBioremediationuse microbes to clean up pollutants (oil spills,etc).HISTORICAL ROOTSThe ancient Greeks, Romans, and Jews all contributed to early understanding of the spread of disease.Hooke(1665)Defines the term 'cell', had his microscopeAnton van LeewenhoekBuild his own microscope, was the first to see microorganisms. He called them animalcules. kept his microscope to himself (no advancement for more than a century)Louis Pasteurwith his swan-necked flasks, dust-free air, disproof spontaneous generation.- Pasteurization (work for the wine industry; heating wine to 56 degree in the absence of oxygen for 30 minutes) - germ theory of disease, microorganisms (germs) cause infectious diseases, and specific microorganisms cause specific diseases.Robert Koch- worked on anthrax developing technique to study the bacterium in vivo,grew bacteria in pure culture (use of agar),formulated the postulates,identified the bacillus that cause tuberculosis, developed tuberculin,and studied choleraKoch's Postulates1. Specific causative agent must be found in every case of the diseases.2.The diseases organism must be isolated in pure culture.3.Inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy, susceptible animal must produce the same disease.4The disease organism must be recovered from the inoculated animal.Ignaz Phillip SemmelweissAustrian who set about controlling infections,Made connection between autopsies and puerperal (childbed) fever (Streptococcus pyrogens causing sepsis),Instead ridiculed, harassed; end up in the asylumLister (1865)Use carbolic acid; his methods (the first asceptic techniques) proved effectively by the decrease in surgical wound infections in his surgical wards)Paul Ehrlich-chemotherapy,- introduced an arsenic compound and Salvarsan (effective against syphilis)Alexander Flemingaccidental discovery of penicillin (antibiotics) from Penicillium notatum,lysozyme could kill bacteriaMartinus BeijerinckDutch microbiologists; first characterize viruses,2. Show recycling of elements by bacteriaPeyton RousWork on connection between viruses and cancer (transmission of chicken sarcoma)Salkworked on poliovirus, developed vaccine (1954),inactivated poliovirus (IPV) that required injections,currently used version to immunize childrenSabinWork on poliovirus; developed an oral polio vaccine (OPV); contains living attenuated strains of virus; virus ingested, also excretedRobert GalloDiscover human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of AIDS in 1983.Elie Metchnikoffpioneer in immunology,discovered phagocytes and phagocytosis,developed several vaccinesJenner - Immunology-noticed milkmaids who came down with cowpox did not get smallpox,-introduced vaccination for small pox (Variola) in 1796. attenuated (weakened),-innoculated people with cowpox to protect against smallpox-cocci(sphere)bacilli(rod)spirillum(spiral)vibriobend rod)staphyloclustersstreptochainsViruses -size, acellular, nuclei acid is DNA or RNA; obligate intracellular parasites,Virus can only produce in a host cells.Viruses are particles of nucleic acid (either RNA or DNA), usually enclosed in a protein coat and sometimes surrounded by a membrane.Viruses are extremely small, even compared with bacteria.Viruses can infect animals, plants, and microorganism.viriodssmall RNA pieces (folded) that infect plants; cause lot of crop damage; no protein coatPrionsproteinaceous infectious particle; responsible for diseases such as BSE (Bovine Spongiform Eucephalopathy) - mad cow disease; kuru, CJD, fatal familial insomnia. One hypothesis on how abnormal prion proteins corrupt normal prion protein and tangled in brain.protozoaunicellular, eukaryotic, absorb or ingest food, reproduce sexually or asexually.Superficially animal - like, Amoebae move by pseudopods. Others use flagella or cilia to move. heterotroph with food vacules,nonphotosynthetic, and usually motile.Examples of protozoaare amoebae, flagellates, and ciliatesparasitology.The study of protozoa (and helminth-caused) disease is calledHelminthsare macroscopic worms, but some go through microscopic stages in their life cycle; they cause parasitic diseases in plants and animals, including humans.The helminthes important to health studies are flatworms and roundworms.eukaryotesAlgae, fungi, and protozoa are ,their organelle are membrane bound. can be single celled or multi-celled organismsvirusesare acellular.prokaryotesthey lack internal membrane-bound structures,Bacteria and archaea are and single celled.Rickettsiabacteria (gram negative; rod shaped) obligate intracellular parasites of mammalian cellsCynobacteriablue-greens; are bacteria and not algae; carry out photosynthesis; can fix nitrogen gas into ammonium using specialized cells called heterocystsMorphologically variedunicellular forms, filamentous, colonial formsBacteria(sing., bacterium)unicellular, prokaryotic, presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall, antibiotic sensitivity.They can be spherical, rod-shaped, helical, comma-shaped, star-shaped or square. Heterotrophs or autotrophs.Bacteria are extremely small, even for microorganisms.Bacteria vary in shape, motility, and how they get energy. There are species that can withstand freezing, boiling, and extreme acidity or alkalinity.Archaea (sing., archaeon)- unicellular,prokaryotic, absence of peptidoglycan in cell wall, no sensitivity to antibiotic, Archaea were discovered as a separate group of microorganisms in the 1970s.At first, they were called archaebacteria.Being prokaryotes and small, they resemble bacteria superficially, but they are as distantly related to bacteria as they are to eukaryotes. At first, they were called archaebacteria.Being prokaryotes and small, they resemble bacteria superficially, but they are as distantly related to bacteria as they are to eukaryotes. At first, they were called archaebacteria.Being prokaryotes and small, they resemble bacteria superficially, but they are as distantly related to bacteria as they are to eukaryotes. At first, they were called archaebacteria.Being prokaryotes and small, they resemble bacteria superficially, but they are as distantly related to bacteria as they are to eukaryotes. At first, they were called archaebacteria.Being prokaryotes and small, they resemble bacteria superficially, but they are as distantly related to bacteria as they are to eukaryotes.Algae(sing.,alga)- photosynthetic eukaryotes (usually unicellular), cell wall of cellulose,Eukaryotic organism carry out plantlike photosynthesis. Make a big mass of phytoplankton., autotroph,Some algae are unicellular and microscopic. Others consist of many cells and are macroscopic.,Algae are not significant medically, but they are critically important to global ecology.Fungi (sing., fungus)Include mushroom, yeasts, and molds. Most of them are scaverngers - decompose the dead organisms. Eukaryotes, multicellular, heterotroph with absorptive nutrition: conidia/ hyphaeMyceliumFungi grows multibranched tubes calledThe MicrobiologistsImmunology, virology, chemotherapy, and genetics are especially active research fields of microbiology.Microbiologists work as researchers or teachers in university, clinical, and industrial settings. They do basic research in the biological sciences; help to perform or Microbiologists work as researchers or teachers in university, clinical, and industrial settings. They do basic research in the biological sciences; help to perfoem orDomainsArchaea (ancient) Bacteria (eubacteria) EukaryaChromosomeThe DNA molecule must contain genetic information essential for the continuous survival of the organismProbeforeEutruekaryonnucleusAcid-Fast BacteriaFound in bacteria that belong to the genus, Mycobacterium sp.Cell wall is mainly composed of lipid,Lipid component is mycolic acid,and Acid-fast bacteria stain gram-positivePlasmidscontain only genetic information that could be helpful to organisms, but that they could survive withoutMutationChange in the genetic sequence of DNA in a cell which may or may not cause a change in the amino acid sequence coded from that section of DNA.Protein genetic flowDNA>polmerase>transcription>mRNA>Ribosome(protein+rRNA)>translation>tRNA+ amino acid>peptide bond>polypeptide>proteinTranscriptionis the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA templatefoodsterilizers are used only on.......utensils.millimeterzones of i nhibition are measured and recorded in millimeterlivea disinfectant is expected to let endosporesanimatedan antiseptic is usually used on ______objectsantiseptican agent used as a gargle would commonly be called__________1bacteriostatic property(antibiotic) 2. used on animated objects (disinfectant)list two differences between an antibiotic and disinfectant.smeara preparation made by mixing a loopful of water and a bit of agar slant culture on a glass slidedifferentialthe gram stain is an example of-----------stain.negativeall members of the genus e.coli would be expected to be gram_clearendospores usually appear _____ in a completed gram stain.decolorizethe most critical step in making the gram stain is the application
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