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Biology 1406 Exam #1

Terms in this set (107)

Biology
the scientific study of life
Hypothesis
a suggested explanation for an observation which can be tested
Theory
a tested observation with an explanation
Levels of Organization
Small --to--> Big
Atom - molecule - macromolecules - organelles - cells, tissues - organs - organ system - organ system - organisms - populations - communities - ecosystems - biosphere
Diversity of Life: The 3 Domains
-Archaea
-Bacteria
-Eukarya
atom
smallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances and thus organisms
element
substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
isotope
atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons or different atomic forms of the same element.
molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
ion
an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge
cation
positively charged ion
mass number
number of protons + neutrons
atomic number
number of protons
number of neutrons =
mass number - atomic number
Describe the basic structure of the atom
An atom is the smallest unit of matter that defines an element. This unit consists of a nucleus surrounded by orbiting, negatively charged electrons. The nucleus contains positively charged protons and, most often, neutral neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the number of electrons, maintaining electrical neutrality, and the fundamental nature of the atom. Also, as tiny as atoms are, they still consist mostly of empty space.
ionic bond
attractive force between oppositely charged ion, anion and cation
covalent bond
sharing of electrons - may be equal or unequal sharing
polar covalent bond
uneven sharing of pairs of electrons, determined by the electronegativity of atoms in the molecule, creates slight positive or negative charges in different regions of the molecule
hydrogen bond
attraction between opposite charges of atoms in different covalently bonded molecules
atomic mass is measured in
Daltons
Unstable isotopes give off particles and energy in the form of
radiation
Top Four Elements Needed for Life
-Oxygen
-Nitrogen
-Hydrogen
-Carbon
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space (is made of elements)
Protons (p⁺)
-Located in nucleus
-Effect Charge
-Atomic #
-Atomic Mass (p+n)
Neutrons (n⁰)
-Located in nucleus
-Effect Charge
-Effect the atomic Mass (p+n)
-To find on period table, take atomic mass # - atomic #
Electrons (e⁻)
-Located outside nucleus, in orbitals (shells)
-Effect Charge
-Responsible for interactions between other atoms
-To find on periodic table, in stable atoms they are the same as atomic #
Valence Shell / Valance Electron
The valence shell is the outermost shell. Electrons on the valence shell are considered to be valence electrons
How to find protons, neutrons, and electrons by looking at periodic table
p = atomic #
n = mass # - atomic #
e = atomic number
Non-Polar Bond
a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally
Non-Covalent Bonds
Weaker and more transient than covalent bond.
-Hydrogen Bonds
-Ionic Bonds
-Van Der Waals Interactions
-Hydrophobic Forces
Properties of Water
-high heat capacity
-high heat of vaporization
-ability to dissolve in polar molecules
-cohesion and adhesion
-disassociation into ions to generate pH
Chemical Reaction
A process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed. Producing one or more different substances.
Calorie
amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1C
Solution
A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.
Solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

(Water is an EXCELLENT solvent!)
Organic Compound
Complex molecules organized around skeletons of carbon atoms arranged in rings or chains.
Isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
Functional Group
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions.
Hydrophobic
Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
Hydrophilic
Attracted to water
Acids
-increase ion concentration
OH⁻ < H⁺
pH < 7
Bases
-decrease ion concentration
- OH⁻ > H⁺
-pH > 7
Buffers
A substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution.

-minimize changes in H⁺ and OH⁻
Saturated Tryglycerides
-no double bonds between carbon
-solid at room temp
Unsaturated Tryglcerides(fatty acid)
-at least 1 double bond
-liquid at room temp
How can water take in a lot of heat but the temp still remain the stable?
Water can take in a lot of heat and retain a stable temperature through water's high heat capacity.
What does pH test?
pH tests how acidic or basic a solution is.
Four main classes of large biological molecules?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Polymers are made up of smaller molecules known as
monomers
How do you make polymers?
Through dehydration reactions (monomers combine and in the process release a water molecule)
How do you break polymers?
Through hydrolysis (when you add a water molecule to a polymer they break back down into monomers)
Carbohydrates
-provide / store energy, provide structure, cell-cell recognition when present in proteins

-there are 3 classes of carbohydrates:
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
What are the monosacchrarides?
They are simple sugars w/ 3-7 carbons

The three monosaccharides are:
-Fructorse, glucose, and galactose
How are monosacchrarides classified?
They are classified by the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton.

6C - Hetoses
5C - Pentoses
3C - Trioses
What is the main monosaccharide uses in humans and plants?
Glucose is the main monosaccharide we use.

When a plant has too much glucose it is stored as a starch.
Disaccharides
-are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined through a dehydration reaction
-lactose, maltose (2 glucose), surcose (glucose+fructose)
Polysaccharides
-are formed when MORE than 2 monosaccharides join together
-starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin
Cellulose
cell walls of plants are made of this
-provides structural support to cell
-its glycosidic bonds are different than in glycogen and starch
-it is considered insoluble fiber
Polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
Monomer
Repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer
How are monomers joined
Dehydration reaction
Two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule
Describe the Dehydration Process
One monomer provides a hydroxyl group (—OH), one provides a hydrogen (—H)
Enzymes
Macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
Monosaccharides
Single sugar molecule
Monosaccharides structure
Usually some multiple of the unit CH2O
Why are monomers packed tightly in long chains in cellulose?
this shape gives cellulose its rigidity and high tensile strength
Chitin
-is a polysaccharide containing nitrogen
-it makes up the exoskeleton of insects
-also makes up fungal cell walls to help with structure
Lipids
-fats / oils
-waxes
-phospholipids
-steroids
Nucleus
stores/protects dna,
directs formation of ribosomes and proteins

-nuclear envelope (double membrane)
-nucleoplasm
-chromatin
-nucleolus (synthesizes ribosomes)
Ribosomes
synthesize proteins

-lacks membrane
-rRNA + proteins
-small & large subunits
-attachment sites for mRNA / tRNA
DNA molecule is made up of
Two long strands arranged in a double helix. Each strand is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called nucleotides (ATCG).
Quantitative Data
Data that is measurable; observations based on numbers
Qualitative Data
Data that is observed but not measured. Ex: color, texture, smell
The major function of fats?
Energy storage
Phospholipids
Make up cell membranes
Called phospholipid bilayer
Steroids
Lipids
Carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
Amino Acids
Organic molecules possessing both an amino group and a carboxyl group
Peptide bonds are formed by?
Dehydration reactions which link the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next.
Levels of Protein Structure?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Primary Protein Structure?
Sequence of amino acids connected together by peptide bonds
Secondary Protein Structure?
Chain of amino acids will start bending and form hydrogen bonds.
2 types: Alpha helix and Beta sheet
Tertiary Protein Structure?
Combination of more than one secondary structure
Can be Alpha, Beta, or both
Can be any type of bond formed by the R groups
Quaternary Protein Structure?
More than one tertiary structure react
Collagens structure?
Made of 3 tertiary structures braided together
What Determines Protein Structure?
DNA
Alterations in PH
Salt concentration
Temperature
When a protein loses it's shape it is?
Denatured
DNA is?
Deoxy Nucleic Acid
Contains directions for replication
Double strand
ACTG where A=T and C=G
RNA is?
Ribo Nucleic Acid
Single strand
UACG where U=A and C=G
Structural difference between RNA and DNA?
Located in the 5 carbon sugar.
DNA is missing an oxygen.
RNA and DNA linkage type?
Phosphodiester
Organelles
Functional components of cells
cohesion
The phenomenon ultimately responsible for the maintenance of a column of water as it moves upward through a vessel is
single bond
a pair of shared electrons
double bond
O=O
adhesion
the clinging of one substance to another
surface tension
a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
colloid
a stable suspension of fine particles in a liqiud
pH
a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
starch
something plants store, a polymer of glucose monomers, as granules within cellular structures
Taxonomy
The branch of science devoted to the classification and naming of organisms.
Kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species.
controlled experiment
on that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group.
dalton
a unit of measurement
energy
the capacity to cause change
potential energy
the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.
electron shell
is the outside part of an atom around the atomic nucleus.
chemical reactions make and break chemical bonds
chemical reactions change reactants into products while conserving matter.
specific heat
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1C.
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