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Cross Cultural Psychology Chapter 2

Terms in this set (49)

What are the three types of cross cultural research?
Method validation studies
Indigenous cultural studies
Cross Cultural Comparison
What is Validity?
measurement of how accurately the tool measures what it's supposed to measure
What is Reliability?
How consistent the measurement is (example: a broken scale may consistently give u 115lbs(its reliable), but it its not valid)
What do cross cultural validation studies test?
they test the equivalence of psychological measure in other cultures and must be conducted before cross-cultural comparisons
Define: Indigenous cultural studies
studies characterized by rich descriptions of complex theoretical models of culture that predict and explain cultural differences
studies are done within the cultural milieu within they occur
Define: Cross cultural comparisons (3)
-studies that compare cultures on some psychological variable of interest.
-the backbone and most prevalent form of cross cultural research
- 4 types of cross cultural comparisons
What are the four dimensions of cross cultural comparisons?
1. exploratory v hypothesis testing
2. contextual factors
3. structure v level oriented
4. individual v ecological (cultural) level
Define: Hypothesis testing
Define: Exploratory studies
Hypothesis: examines why cultural differences exist
Explanatory: examines the existence of cross-cultural similarities and differences
Strength and weakness of exploratory studies?
+ broad scope for identifying similarities and differences
- limited capabilities to address causes of differences
Strength and weakness of hypothesis testing?
+ leads to more substantial contributions to theory development
- validity of their inferential jumps are often threatened by cross-cultural biases and inequivalence
What are contextual factors? (4)
-Characteristics of participants or their cultures
-Involves any variable that can explain observed differences
-enhances validity by ruling out influences of biases and inequivalence
-used in hypothesis testing
What does the structure v level oriented dimension of cross-cultural comparisons look at?
What is compared across the cultures
Define: Structure oriented studies (and examples)
Studies that examine whether constructs are conceptualized the same way across cultures ("is depression conceptualized the same way throughout cultures?"), the relationship between different constructs ("do depression and anxiety have the same relationship in all cultures?"), and the structure of the concept ("can depression be assessed the same way in every culture?")
Define: Level oriented studies (example)
the comparison of scores ("do individuals from different cultures show the same level of depression?")
What is an individual-level study?
typical type of study in psychology where individual participants provide data and are analyzed
What is an ecological (cultural) study?
study that uses countries or cultures as the unit of analysis
What is the most well known ecological level study?
Hofstede's seminal work where he created the 5 value dimensions of culture (individualism v collectivism, power distance, etc)
What are multi-level studies?
studies that use data from 2 (or more) levels to examine the relationship of one data to another
what are the 2 types of linkage studies?
unpackaging and experiments
what are unpackaging studies?
studies that unpackage the contents of the global unspecific concept of culture into specific measurable psychological constructs and examine their contribution to cultural differences (peeling an onion)
define: context variables
variables that operationalize aspects of culture that researchers believe produce differences in psychological variables. measured in unpackaging studies
what are the four types of context variables?
-individual-level measures of culture
-self-construal scales
-personality
-cultural practices
what is individual-level measures of culture?
context variable that assess variables on individual level thought to be product of culture
what is individualism v collectivism referred to as on the individual level?
idiocentrism v allocentrism (triandis)
how do horizontal collectivist see themselves?
how do vertical collectivists see themselves?
horizontal: as members of ingroups in which all members are equal
vertical: members of ingroups that are characterized by hierarchical or status relationships
how do horizontal individualists see themselves?
how do vertical individualists see themselves?
horizontal: individuals are autonomous(independent) and equal
vertical: individuals are autonomous but unequal
what do self-construal scales measure?
measures independence and interdependence on an individual level

*Individualistic cultures encourage the development of independent self-construals

collectivistic cultures encourage the development of interdependent self-construals
what does the personality context variable look at?
cultural differences that may be a product of different levels of personality traits in each culture
what does the cultural practices context variable look at?
the nature of interpersonal relationships, child rearing practices, and cultural worldviews
define: experiments
what are the two types of experiments in cross-cultural research?
studies in which researchers create conditions to establish cause-effect relationships

priming and behavioural sudies
how do cross-cultural comparisons and experiments differ?
in cross-cultural comparisons researchers cannot create the cultural group or randomly assign participants to those groups
what are priming studies experiments?
studies that involve experimentally manipulating the mindsets of participants and measuring the resulting changes in behaviour
what are behavioural studies experiments?
experiments that involve manipulations of actual environments and the observations of changes in behaviours as a function of these environments
define: bias
differences that do not have exactly the same meaning within and across cultures

state of non-equivalence
define: equivalence
a state or condition of similarity in conceptual meaning and empirical method between cultures that allows comparisons to be meaningful

state of no bias
what are the five major areas of bias?
conceptual bias
method bias
measurement bias
response bias
interpretational bias
what is conceptual bias?
the degree to which a theory or set of hypotheses being compared across cultures are equivalent (whether they have the same meaning and relevance in all cultures being compared)

example: asking questions about the Kardashians in Beverly hills and asking about them in Zimbabwe
What are the three dimensions of method bias?
sampling
linguistic
procedural
what are the two issues with sampling bias?
1. concerns whether the samples are appropriate representatives of their culture
2. concerns whether the samples are equivalent on noncultural demographic variables (sex, age, religion, etc)
how do researchers attempt to control noncultural demographic factors? (2)
1. holding them constant throughout the selection of participants
2. statistically controlling them when analyzing data
what are the two procedures used to establish linguistic equivalence? (define each)
1. back translation- taking the research protocol in one language, translating it to another, then translating it back to the original.
2. committee approach- several bi-lingual informants collectively translate a research protocol into a target language
what is measurement bias?
the degree to which measures used to collect data in different cultures are equally valid and reliable
true or false: linguistic equivalence = measurement equivalence
false
What is response bias? (2)
-systematic tendency to respond in a certain way to items or scales
-four types of response bias
what are the four types of response bias?
1. socially desirable responding
2. acquiescence bias
3. extreme response bias
4. reference group effect
what is socially desirable responding?
tendency to give answers that make oneself look good
what is acquiescence bias?
tendency to agree rather than disagree with items on a questionnaire
what is extreme response bias?
tendency to use the ends of a scale regardless of item content
what is reference group effect?
the notion that people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales, rather than relying on direct inferences about a private, personal value system.
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