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Mid Term Vocab

Terms in this set (204)

Public Speaking
Occurs when one person prepares and delivers a talk for a group that listens, generally without interrupting the speaker's flow of ideas.
Culture
An integrated system of learned beliefs, values, behaviors, and norms that include visible (clothing & food) and underlying (core beliefs & worldview) characteristics of a society.
Co-Cultures
Subgroups of culture, characterized by mild or profound cultural differences that coexist within the larger culture. Example: United States
Rhetorically Sensitive
The ability to adapt fairly successfully to a variety of social situations.
Core Cultural Resources
Beliefs, attitudes, & values (BAV) along with behaviors that provide a logical basis for a culture to define what is necessary, right, doubtful, or forbidden.
Oral Culture
Culture with no writing and no technology for recording messages apart from face-to-face interactions.
Individualistic Cultures
Members of these cultures depend mainly on themselves and are judged on personal merits. Example: USA, Australia, Western Europe
Collectivist Cultures
Members of these cultures are integrated into an in-group that projects them throughout their lives. "We" before "I".
Example: Latin America, Asia
Nonexpressive Cultures
cultures that value privacy and encourage members to keep their emotions and ideas to themselves rather than to express them publicly.
Example: Japanese, Chinese, Finnish, Native Americans
Expressive Cultures:
Cultures that encourage members to give their opinions, speak their minds, and let their feelings show.
Example: Koreans, Puerto Rico, African Americans, African Cultures
Digital Oratory
An emerging form of public address housed online in new media platforms such as YouTube, Vimeo, & iReport
Communication Style
A culture's preferred ways of communicating, given its core assumptions and norms.
Taboo
Topics a culture considers inappropriate.
Bicultural
Knowing and applying different rules for competent behaviors in 2 cultures.
Critical Thinking
The ability to think analytically about ideas.
Rhetoric
The study of persuasion in its various forms; this helps develop critical thinking skills.
Civic Engagement
Working with customers to help solve issues of public concern.
Transactional Model of Communication
Represents communication as a process in which speakers and listeners work together to create mutual meanings.
Communication Apprehension (CA)
The fear of dread of negative responses you might experience because you speak out.
Public Speaking Anxiety
Fear of dream specifically related to speaking in public. (Form of Communication Apprehension)
Process Anxiety
Fear due to lack of confidence in knowing how to prepare a speech.
Performance Anxiety
Fear of forgetting or of poorly presenting a speech.
Anticipatory Speech Anxiety
Tension experienced at the mere thought of giving a speech.
Canon
A set of principles, standards, norms, or guidelines to master to become good speakers.
Canons of Rhetoric
(1) Invention, (2) Disposition or Arrangement, (3) Style, (4) Memory, (5) Delivery
Canon of Invention
Principles for designing a speech that meets the need of a specific audience.
Canon of Disposition or Arrangement
Guidelines for organizing a speech.
Connectives
Words, phrases, & sentences used to lead from idea to idea & tie parts of speech smoothly.
Canon of Style
Principles for choosing effective language.
Canon of Memory
Guidelines to help you remember your ideas. Known as the lost canon.
Memorized Delivery
Learning the speech by heart & then reciting it.
Manuscript Delivery
Reading a speech.
Impromptu Delivery
Speaking with little advanced preparation.
Extemporaneous Delivery
Preparing a speech carefully in advance but choosing the exact wording during the speech itself.
Canon of Delivery
Provides guidelines for the four delivery methods & for nonverbal behaviors.
Physiological Anxiety
How your body responds to the feared event
Psychological Anxiety
Mental stress about a perceived threat
Fight-or-Flight Mechanism
A rush of adrenaline that prepares you to run or stay to fight the threat
Systematic Desensitization
Teachers how to relax while thinking about frightening speech events.
Internal Monolgue
Self-talk
Cognitive Modification
Identifying negative thoughts & replacing them with positive ones in four areas: message, audience, yourself, assignment.
Visualization
Rehearsing by using your imagination to envision your speech from start to finish
Power Pose
Assuming the open/expansive postures associated with powerful people
Habituation
Lessening anxiety by successfully repeating an experience over time
General Purposes
Four purposes are to inform, to persuade, to entertain, to commemorate
Specific Purpose
Statement in the form of a phrase or sentence stating the cognitive, effective, or behavioral responses desired from the audience
Cognitive Effects
Influences on beliefs, understanding, & other mental processes
Affective Effects
Influences on listeners' feelings
Behavioral Effects
Influences audience action
Central Idea or Thesis Statement
A single sentence that names the subject & establishes its significance & purpose
Preview
A short summary of the main points you'll develop in the speech
Information Imbalance
Some people or groups having very little access to information while others have it in abundance.
Division
A method for presenting information by breaking the whole into parts & explaining each one
Classification
A method of presenting info by explaining things that are put into category according to a principle.
Expository Speech
The "speech to teach" that explains an item in detail.
Denovative Meaning
Focus on definition of the word
Connotative Meaning
Focus on emotional association of words
Discourse Consistency
Using a repetitive style such as alliteration of main points throughout speech
Repetition
Saying the same thing more than once
Redundancy
Repeating the same idea more than once, but developing it differently each time.
Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC)
Digital catalog to help you locate books and materials in your library's holdings.
Scholarly Book
Book based on research that advances knowledge in an academic field.
Trade Book
Book aimed at a general audience
Specialized Encyclopedia
Text that summarizes information in a specific subject area
Trade Journals
Journals that pertain to specific occupation
Academic Journals
Journals that pertain to specific area of academic research
Legacy Journalism
Traditional news sources such as local and national news papers
Native Digital News
News outlets on the internet that hire trained journalists and editors
Expert
People whose knowledge is based on research, experience or occupation
Laypeople/Peers
Ordinary people whose knowledge comes from everyday experiences
MAPit
Strategy developed by librarians that evaluates material according to Message, Author, and Purpose
Primary Source
Information from a person actually involved in event
Original Document
Evidence recorded by a primary source
Creative Work
Poem, dance, painting, writing, or other aesthetic creation
Relic or Artifact
Culturally significant creation such as a building, jewelry, or a tool
Secondary Source
Summary or interpretation of an event or a person provided by a nonparticipant
Tertiary Sources
Condenses primary and secondary materials into collections such as encyclopedias and dictionaries
Domain
The type of site such as .com, .edu, .org, that tells the site's purpose and tax status
Source Card
Card used to record bibliographic information
Annotate
To summarize a book or article's contents on a source card
Information Card
Card for recording and categorizing important data.
Fair Use Provision
The provision in the federal copyright act that allows free use of materials for educational and research purposes.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Series of numbers and letters that locate intellectual property online
Empirical Facts
Information verifiable by observation
Established Facts
Information verified consistently by many observers
Enumeration
A count
Mean
Average group of numbers
Median
Middle number in a set of numbers arranged in a ranked order
Mode
Most frequently occurring number
Percentages
Figure that shows the relationship of the part to the whole, which is represented by #100
Rates of Increase or Decrease
Percentage that uses an earlier baseline figure to compare growth or decline
Ratio
Relationship shown by numbers (1 in 10)
Hypothetical Example:
Not a real incident or person, but true-to-life
Analogies
State similarities between two things
Literal Analogies
Compare two actual things that are alike in important ways
Figurative Analogies
States similarities between two otherwise dissimilar things; requires an imaginative connection
Literal Images
Show the actual subject
Metaphorical Images
Implies the subject
Chronological Pattern
Presents points in a sequential or time order
Process Speech
Describes a sequence of steps or stages that follow one another in a fairly predicable pattern
Spatial Pattern
Presents points by place/location
Cause-Effect or Casual Pattern
Presents reasons (causes) and implications (effects) of a topic
Problem-Solution Pattern
Describes a problem and a possible solution or possible solutions to it
Pro-Con Pattern
Presents arguments in favor of and arguments against an issue
Topical Pattern
Divides a subject into subtopics, each of which is part of the whole.
Parallel Points
Points that are similar in kind and length
Connectives
Words, phrases, or sentences used to lead from idea to idea and tie the parts of the speech together smoothly
Signposts
Connectives such as first, most importantly and consequentially that link ideas, lends emphasis, and helps listeners keep their place in the speech
Transitions
Summarizes where you've been and where you're going in your speech
Internal Previews
Brief in-speech summary that foretells the subpoints you'll develop under a major point
Internal Summary
Restates the ideas within a point or points
Organic Pattern
Alternative pattern that provides a clear speech structure in less linear form
Wave Pattern
Repetitive pattern that presents variations of themes and ideas with major points presented at the crests
Spiral Pattern
Repetitive pattern with a series of points that increase in drama or intensity
Star Pattern
Presents relatively equally weighted speech points within a thematic circle that binds them together; order of the points may vary
Content Outline
Formal record of your major ideas and their relationship to one another in your speech
Structural Elements
A speech's intro, body, conclusion
Logical Elements
A speech's major ideas with supporting materials and their relationship
Script
The written text containing every word of the speech
Alternation
Varying numbers and letters in a consistent pattern for different levels of points
Indentation
Formatting by spacing various levels of points towards the right
Coordination
Arranging points into levels, giving the points on a specific level the same basic value or weight
Subcordination
Placement of supporting points under major points
Speaking Notes
The notes you use to deliver your speech
Key Words
Important words and phrases that will jog the speakers memory
Rhetorical Questions
Question that listeners answer in their minds
Participatory Question
Question that listeners answer overtly
Presentation Aids
Visual, audio, and multimedia support that helps audiences understand and remember information
Dual Coding Theory (DCT)
Theory that our brains process materials two ways: through language and through images
Dual Processing
Combining words and images to create meaning
Model
A facsimile of an object you can't easily bring to the speech
Text-Based Visuals
Carries meaning in the written words rather than in visual images
Six-by-Six Rule
Limit information to six lines, six words per line
Image-Based Visuals
Carry meaning in visual images; written words are secondary
Flowcharts
Shows the order or directional flow in which processes occur; may simply be a series of labeled shapes and arrows
Organizational Charts
Shows hierarchies and relationships
Diagrams
Drawing or design that explains, rather than realistically depicts, an object or process
Political Maps
Shows current borders for states and nations, can be out dated in a fast changing world
Geographic Maps
Shows mountains, deserts, and other natural features; not easily outdated
Line Graphs
Displays in a linear form one or more variables that fluctuate over a time period
Bar Graphs
Compares data from several groups by using bands of various lengths
Pie Graph
Represents parts of the whole or divisions of a population by circles divided into portions
Picture Graphs or Pictographs
Presents data in pictures, each representing a certain number of individual cases
Presentation Software Program
Computer software to create a package of lists, tables, graphs, and clip art
Document Cameras
High resolution cameras that display documents and 3D objects
Interactive Whiteboards
Connects to other technology, you can overwrite material and then save your markups
Flip Charts
Tablet you prepare in advance or create on the spot; turn to a new page or tear off and display pages as you finish
Serif Fonts
A font wit cross lines at the top and bottom of letters
Sans Serif Fonts
A simple font with no cross lines on each letter
Delivery
The verbal and nonverbal behaviors you use to perform your speech
Eye Contact
Looking audiences in the eye; communicates friendliness
Vocalics or Paralinguistics
All aspects of spoken language except the words
Articulation
The way you enunciate or say specific sounds, as an element of pronunciation
Stress
Accenting syllables or words
Vocal Variations
Changes in volume, rate, and pitch that combine to create impressions of the speaker
Unfilled Pause
Silent pause
Filled or Vocalized Pause
Saying um or like or other sounds during a pause
Communicative Competence
The ability to communicate in a personally effective and socially appropriate manner
Confident Style
A way of speaking characterized by effective vocal variety, fluency, gestures, and eye contact
Conversational Style
Speaking that is comparatively calmer, slower, and less intense, but maintains good eye contact and gestures
Audience Analysis
Identifying audience characteristics to communicate more effectively.
Listening Speaker
Dialogical speaker who hears audience interests and concerns before, during, and after a speech.
Unmotivated Audiences
Listeners who lack a listening purpose or goal
Random Audiences
Listeners who are initially doing something else but are attracted by a message that catches their attention
Passive Audiences
Unmotivated listeners who listen to accomplish their goals
Motivated Audiences
Listeners who listen for a reason
Self-Selected Audiences
Listeners who choose to listen to a selected subject or speaker
Homogeneous Audiences
Listeners who are similar in attitude
Hostile Audiences
listeners who are negative toward the topic or the speaker
Absent audiences
Listeners who are separated from the speaker and receive the message through some form of media
Demographic Analysis
identifying audiences by populations they represent, such as age or ethnicity
salient
relevant or significant
ethnicity
heritage and cultural traditions, usually stemming from national and religious backgrounds
race
category, often associated with stereotype, based on physical characteristics
Social Category
culturally constructed category such as race or gender
sex
biological categories of male and female
gender
clusters of traits culturally labeled as masculine, feminine, or androgynous
spinning
selecting material that favors the speaker's interests and point of view
Pandering
providing messages audiences want to hear, not necessarily what they need to hear
psychological profile
assessment of an audience's beliefs, values, and attitudes regarding a topic
direct methods
asking audiences members directly for their opinion by questionnaires, interviews, and so on
belief
mental acceptance of something as true or false, correct or incorrect, valid or invalid
closed question
request for a brief, specific answer
open question
giving opportunity for a range of answers or a more lengthy response
attitudes
our tendency to like of dislike something or to have positive or negative feelings about it
scaled questions
asking for responses along a continuum, used to assess attitudes
values
standards used to make evaluative judgements such as good or bad
ranked questions
asking for responses to be placed in order
indirect methods
assessing audiences by observation or secondhand sources
demonstrated or intrinsic credibility
obvious knowledge the speaker shows during the speech
terminal credibility
final impression listeners have of a speaker
persuasion
the symbolic process in which a communicator intentionally creates an argument in an attempt to convince others to change their attitudes or behaviors in an atmosphere of free choice
argument
an intentional, purposeful set of reasons created to explain disputed beliefs and conclusions
artistic proofs
reasons the speaker creates to accept an argument (ethos, pathos, logos)
ethos
personal credibility or character traits that make a speaker believable and worthy of the audience's confidence
warmth
using behaviors that signal positive interest and engagement, especially through pleasant facial expressions
identification or co orientation
concerns shared among speakers and listeners that help overcome divisions and bring diverse people together
common ground
specific areas or concerns that both speaker and audience consider important
motivation
internal, individualized factor that results when we understand how topics affect over lives in a personal way
pathos
appeals or reasons directed towards audience emotions
logos
arguments, from the words of the speech itself; often called rational proofs
analogy
comparison of one item that less familiar or unknown to something concrete and familiar
reasoning by metaphor
comparing two things are generally different but share a recognizable similarity
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