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Mid-term Exam Biology

Terms in this set (54)

What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
Question, prediction, testing, conclusion
What are the biological organization levels?
Atom, Molecule, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere
What are the requirements for something to be considered living?
Made of cells, Obtain and use energy, Grow and develop, Reproduce, Respond to the environment, Adapt to the environment, Have levels of organization
What are the 3 Domains and 6 kingdoms?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes, Arachea, Bacteria
Eukaryotes, Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae
What is the difference between independent and dependent variables?
Independent varables are the ones that are manipulated and dependent variables react to the manipulated independent variable
What are the major differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes - Nucleus, Membrane bound organelles, More than one chromosome, lysosomes, Meiosis and fusion of gametes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Mitochondria (Animals and Plants)
Prokaryotes - No membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, no true chromosome - Plasmid, unicellular
Bacteria and Archaea)
What are the major organelles found in plant and animal cells?
Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Gogli apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes
What is a Cytoskeleton?
A network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many things giving them shape and color
What is an Anchoring junction?
Holds cells together at a mass of proteins called plaque. Muscles and skin - things that stretch a lot
What is a tight junction?
Connections between adjacent animal epithelial cell membranes. Designed to keep materials from passing through the area. Stomach and Bladder would be where these would be located.
What is a gap junction?
Designed to allow things to pass through the area. The heart and the lining of hollow organs (smooth muscle)
Define Entropy
The measure of a disorder. The amount of energy NOT available to do it's job
What is an enzyme?
A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction
What part of the enzyme is used to catalyze the reaction?
The Active Site
Why do living organisms need energy?
To do the work for survival and reproduction
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water
What are the reactants of Photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide, water and sunlight
What are the products of Photosynthesis?
Gluecose and oxygen
What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?
Autotrophs are those organisms that are able to make energy-containing organic molecules from inorganic raw material by using basic energy sources such as sunlight. Plants are an example of autotrophs, using photosynthesis. Organisms which feed on others are called heterotrophs
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages, the light reactions and the Calvin Cycle. What are the products of each photosystem in the light reactions?
NADPH, ATP and O2. Water molecules are split and O2 is released. Electrons and Protons extracted from water molecules generate NADPH and ATP.
What is the Calvin Cycle?
Is the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. The cycle is light-independent because it takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight. 3 steps occur. S1 - CO2 is fixed from inorganic to organic; S2 - 3GPA reduced to G3P and ATP and NADH are converted to ADP and NADP+; S3 - RuBP is regenerated and allows CO2 to be fixed again.
Light reactions take place in the ____________ and the Calvin Cycle takes place in the__________?
Thykaloids, Stroma
What happens during glycolysis?
Its in the first stage in cellular respiration. One glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate in the cytoplasm. In the process of creating two pyruvates, two molecules of ATP are used but four are created
What are the reactants and products of each stage of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis - Gluecose->2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP(net) + 2 NADH; Krebs Cycle - Pyruvate-> 8 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 FADH; Electron Transport - NADH + FADH -> 34 ATP molecules. All told 38 ATP molecules are made in cellular respiration.
How much ATP is being produced during cellular respiration?
38 are produced during cellular respiration, but 2 are used during the process = net 36
What are the functions of mitosis?
The main functions of mitosis are growth and repair. Mitosis is the type of division that gives rise to daughter cells for the purpose of tissue growth, regeneration or asexual (vegetative) reproduction. After mitosis and cytokinesis the daughter cells contain the same information for properties for heredity as the mothercell (they are genetically identical).
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase and cytokenisis
What occurs during each phase?
Interphase - between phases
Prophase - (Beginning phase)Nuclear membrane dissolves and chromatin changes into compact chromosomes
Metaphase - (middle phase) is easy to observe under the microscope, as all the chromosomes are arranged down the center, or equator, of the parent cell
Anaphase - (apart phase) In anaphase, the centromeres divide and chromosomes are no longer X-shaped. Single copies of each chromosome are pulled by the spindle fibers to the poles of the cells
Telephase - (end phase) the two new nuclei have formed, each with a complete set of DNA, and a new nuclear membrane forms around each set
Cytokenisis - (splitting phase) occurs when the cell membrane pinches in, forming a cleavage furrow. This cleavage furrow deepens until it pinches the parent cell in half, making two identical daughter cells
What are the differences in cytokinesis in plants versus animal cells?
In plants a cell plate forms that splits the two apart. In animal cells, a cleavage furrow forms and pinches the two cells apart
What are the products of meiosis?
4 haploid cells
What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?
Variety in genetic offspring with a greater degree of survival
What are the phases of Mitosis and what occurs during each phase?
The interphase stage (the longest stage) is where the DNA is duplicated (in the S stage of interphase to be precise). G1 phase - proteins are made. G0 Phase - dormant or dying cells go to wait, S Phase - DNA Replicated, G2 Phase - synthesizes proteins, microtubules are produced.
In prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down and a spindle forms between to centrioles. This is also the stage where the chromosomes are maximally condensed.
In metaphase the chromosomes align along the equator of the cell.
In anaphase, the chromatids (duplicated chromosomes) are seperated.
In telophase the two cells begin to pull apart, but with plant cells, a cell wall is built in between the two cells
What is the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
In meiosis homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are not genetically identical. In mitosis the daughter cells are identical to the parent as well as to each other.
How do bacterial cells differ from the cells of most other organisms?
The cells of bacteria are different from those of plants and animals in many ways, the most obvious of which is that bacteria lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (except ribosomes). Unlike animals and plants, bacteria have pili, flagella, and most have a cell capsule
Which kingdoms contain prokaryotic organisms?
Bacteria and Archaea
Which kingdom contain the greatest number of living individuals?
Bacteria
What kinds of extreme environments are habitats for Archean?
Thermophiles - A boiling hot spring Halophiles - Salty conditions
In what shapes do bacterial cells exist?
Spherical, spiral and corkscrew
What criteria must an organism possess to be considered a member of the Kingdom Protista?
It doesn't fit into any of the other kingdoms
What are the 4 groups found in the kingdom Plantae?
Bryophyta (mosses), Pteridophyta (ferns), Gymnioserms (cone bearing), Angiosperms (Flowering) Mosses colonized land first.
What organelle is found in plant cells and some members of the Kingdom Protista, but not in animal cells?
Chloroplasts
What resources do plants use to produce the sugar molecules that they use for fuel?
Carbon Dioxide, water and light energy
What is the primary body of a fungus?
Hyphae that intertwine and make up the mycellium
How do you distinguish between animal cells and fungi cells?
Fungi cells have a cell wall and animal cells do not
What characteristics do all animals share?
Multi-cellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls
What is radial symmetry?
A basic body plan in which the organism can be divided into similar halves by passing a plane at any angle along a central axis, characteristic of sessile and bottom-dwelling animals, as the sea anemone and starfish
What is bilateral symmetry?
Will divide an organism into roughly mirror image halves. Bilateral symmetry is a characteristic of animals that are capable of moving freely through their environments
What characteristics do all vertebrates share?
bilateral symmetry, two pairs of jointed appendages, outer covering of protective cellular skin, developed coeloms and internal skeletons, developed brains, vertebrae and sensory organs
What adaptations allowed animals to invade land?
Many morphological changes occurred throughout this transition. Mechanical support structures changed from fins to limbs, the method of locomotion changed from swimming to walking, respiratory structures changed from gills to lungs, feeding mechanisms changed from suction feeding to biting, and mode of reproduction changed from larval development to metamorphosis
What type of animals are most of the animals alive today?
Invertebrates
What is homeostasis and how does your body maintain it?
When equilibrium within the body is maintained. Regulation of body temperature, blood pressure, pH, and glucose concentration are four examples of how the body maintains homeostasis
What are the types of tissues found in the body and what are their major functions?
1. Connective - is the most abundant and the most widely distributed of the tissues. Connective tissues perform a variety of functions including support and protection
2. Epithelial - The major function of epithelial tissue includes protection, secretion, absorption, and filtration
3. Muscular - used for support and are involuntary
4. Nervous - composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to and from all parts of the body. Nerve cells or neurons are long and string-like
What is an organ system and what does it consist of?
An organ system consists of a group of organs that perform intricate functions necessary for the survival of an organism. Organ systems work together to maintain a constant internal environment called homeostasis within the body to ensure survival of the organism. There are 11 organ systems in the human body.
What is the function of the respiratory system?
Bring oxygen rich air to the body for the cells, expel waste, produce airflow for speech, filtration of irritants from inhaled air
Verified questions
engineering
The federal government proposes to construct a multipurpose water project to provide water for irrigation and municipal use. In addition, there are flood control and recreation benefits. The benefits are given below. The annual benefits are one tenth of the decade benefits.The operation and maintenance cost is $15,000 per year. Assume a 50-year analysis period with no net project salvage value (a) If an interest rate of 5% is used, and a benefit cost ratio of unity, what capital expenditure can be justified to build the water project now? (b) If the interest rate is changed to 8%, how does this change the justified capital expenditure? $$ \begin{matrix} \text{(Benefits in 1000s)} & \text{ } & \text{ } & \text{ } & \text{ } & \text{ } & \text{ }\\ \text{ } & \text{Decades} & \text{ } & \text{ } & \text{ } & \text{ }\\ \text{Purpose} & \text{First} & \text{Second} & \text{Third} & \text{Fourth} & \text{Fifth}\\ \text{Municipal} & \text{\$40} & \text{\$50} & \text{\$60} & \text{\$70} & \text{\$110}\\ \text{Irrigation} & \text{350} & \text{370} & \text{370} & \text{360} & \text{350}\\ \text{Flood control} & \text{150} & \text{150} & \text{150} & \text{150} & \text{150}\\ \text{Recreation} & \text{60} & \text{70} & \text{80} & \text{80} & \text{90}\\ \text{Totals} & \text{\$600} & \text{\$640} & \text{\$660} & \text{\$660} & \text{\$700}\\ \end{matrix} $$
Verified answer
chemistry
Do a **hydrogen atom** and a **neutron** have the same charge and approximately the same mass?
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biology
If $\mathbf{r}=[x, y], \mathbf{r}_{1}=\left[x_{1}, y_{1}\right], \text { and } \mathbf{r}_{2}=\left[x_{2}, y_{2}\right],$ describe the set of all points (x, y) such that $\left|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_{1}\right|+\left|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_{2}\right|=k$ where $k>\left|\mathbf{r}_{1}-\mathbf{r}_{2}\right|.$
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physics
The index of refraction of crown glass is 1.53 for violet light, and it is 1.51 for red light. a. What is the speed of violet light in crown glass? b. What is the speed of red light in crown glass?
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