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History Unit 2 Test

Terms in this set (95)

muckrakers
writers who exposed corruption and abuses in politics, business, meat packing, child labor, and more; primarily in the first decade of the 20th century; their popular books & magazine articles spurred public interest in progressive reform
Jacob Riis' "How the Other Half Lives"
Jacob Riis was an early muckraking journalist who exposed the slum conditions in NYC in his book "How the other half lives"
Taylorism
from book "The Principles of Scientific Management" by Frederick W. Taylor; explained a management system that claimed to be able to reduce waster through scientific analysis of the labor process; optimum technique for average worker and establish detailed performance standards for each job classification
Social Justice
important part of the Progressive's agenda; sought to solve social problems through reform and regulation; methods used were from charities to ban on child labor
Florence Kelley (1859-1932)
head of National Consumer's League and led crusade to promote state laws to regulate number of working hours imposed on women who were wives and mothers.
Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946)
head of division of forestry; implemented conservation policy that entailed the scientific management of natural resources to serve the public interest. His work helped start the conservation movement. In 1910, he exposed to the public the decision of Richard A. Ballinger's (Taft Secretary of Interior) to open up previously protected land for commercial use. Pinchot was fired, but the damage to Taft's public image resulted in the loss of many pro-Taft candidates in 1910 congressional election.
New Nationalism
platform of the progressive party and slogan of former President Theodore Roosevelt in the presidential campaign of 1912; stressed government activism, including regulation of trusts, conservation, and recall of state court decisions that had nullified progressive programs
Sixteenth Amendment (1913)
legalized the federal income tax
"Bull Moose" Progressive party
In 1912 election, Roosevelt was unable to secure the Republican nomination for president. He left the republican party & formed how own party of progressive Republicans, call the "Bull Moose" party. Roosevelt & Taft split the Republican vote, which allowed Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win
Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924)
1912 presidential election; Wilson ran under slogan of New Freedom which promised to improve the banking system, lower tariffs, & break up monopolies; would deliver promises through passage of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff, the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, & new anti-trust laws. Though weak on implementing social change and showed little interest in plight of Af. Americans, he did eventually support some labor reform. At beginning of WWI, Wilson kept America neutral, but provided the Allies with credit for purchases of supplies. However, the sinking of US merchant ships & news of Germany encouraging Mexico to attack America caused Wilson to ask congress to declare war on Germany. Following the war, Wilson supported the entry of America into the League of Nations & the ratification of Treaty of Versailles, but Congress did not approve of either.
New Freedom
Democrat Woodrow Wilson's political slogan in presidential campaign of 1912; improve banking systems, lower tariffs, and by breaking of monopolies, give small businesses freedom to compete
Election of 1912
Four candidates: Wilson, Taft, Roosevelt, & Debs.
Each believed in basic assumptions of progressive politics, but each had a different view on how progressive ideals should be implemented through policy. In the end, Taft & Roosevelt split Rep. votes & Wilson emerged as winner
Francisco "Pancho" Villa (1877-1923)
leader of one of the competing factions in Mexican civil war and provoked US into intervening; hoped attacking US would help build a reputation for him as an opponent of the US which would increase his popularity and discredit Mexican President Carranza
John J. Pershing (1860-1948)
After Pancho Villa conducted several raids into Texas & New Mexico, Prez Wilson sent troops under Pershing command into Mexico to stop Villa. However after a year without success, they returned to US. During WWI, Pershing commanded the first contingent of US soldiers sent to Europe & advised the War Department to send additional American forces
dollar diplomacy
The Taft administration's policy of encouraging American bankers to aid debt-plagued governments in Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicragua
Unterseeboot
German U-boat; used to attack enemy merchant ships in the waters around the British Isles during WWI. The sinking of the ocean liner Lusitania by a German sub caused a public outcry in America, which contributed to demands to expand the US military
Bolsheviks
Under leadership of Vladimir Lenin, this Marxist party led the Nov 1917 revolution against the newly formed provisional government in Russia. After seizing control, the Bolsheviks negotiated a peace treaty with Germany, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and end their participation in WWI
Food Administration
created by the Lever Food and Fuel Control Act of 1917, headed by Herbert Hoover who sought to raise agricultural production while reducing civilian consumption of foodstuffs.
George Creel (1876-1953)
convinced Prez Woodrow Wilson that the best approach to influencing public opinion was through propaganda rather than censorship. As the executive head of the Committee on Public Information, he produced propaganda that conveyed the Allies' war aims
Committee on Public Information
During WWI, produced war propaganda that conveyed the Allies' war aims to Americans as well as attempted to weaken the enemy's morale
western front
the military front that stretched from the English Channel through Belgium & France to the Alps during WWI
Fourteen Points
Prez Wilson's 1918 plan for peace after WWI; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty
League of Nations
...
Henry Cabot Lodge (1850-1924)
chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee who favored limiting America's involvement in League of Nations' covenant & sought to amend the Treaty of Versailles
reparations
As part of Treaty of Versailles, Germany was required to confess it responsibility for WWI & make payments to the victors for the entire expense of war. These 2 requirements created a deep bitterness among Germans.
Spanish flu
unprecedentedly lethal influenza epidemic of 1918 that killed more than 22 million people worldwide
Red Scare
fear among many Americans after WWI of Communists in particular & non-citizens in general, reaction to the Russian Revolution mail bombs, strikes, and riots
A. Mitchell Palmer (1872-1936)
As attorney general, played an active role in government's response to Red Scare. After several bombings across US, including Palmer's home, he & other Americans became convinced that there was a well-organized Communist terror campaign at work. The fed government launched a campaign of raids, deportations, & collecting files on radical individuals.
nativism
anti-immigrant & anti-Catholic feeling in 1830s-1850s; largest group was NY's Order of the Star Spangled Banner, which expanded into the American, or Know-Nothing party in 1854. In 1920, there was a surge in nativism as Americans grew to fear immigrants who might be political radicals. In response, strict immigration regulations were esablished
Nicola Sacco (1891-1927) & Bartolomeo Vanzetti
In 1920, they were Italian immigrants who were arrested for stealing $16,000 & killing pay master and his guard. Their trial took place during a time of numerous bombings by anarchists & their judge was openly prejudicial. Many liberals & radicals believe that the convictions of Sacco & Vanzetti was based on their political ideas & ethnic origin rather than evidence against them.
Ku Klux Klan
Organized in Pulaski, TN in 1866; terrorized former slaves who voted & held political offices during Reconstruction; a revived organization in 1910s & 1920s stressed white, Anglo-Saxon, fundamentalist Protestant supremacy; the Klan revived a third time to fight the civil rights movement of the 1950s & 1960s in the South
"Scarface" Al Capone (1899-1947)
Was the most successful gangster of the Prohibition era whose Chicago-based criminal empire included bootlegging, prostitution, and gambling
Roaring Twenties
An era of social & intellectual revolution. Young people experimented with new forms of recreation & sexuality as well as embraced jazz music. Leading young urban intellectuals expressed a disdain for old-fashioned rural and small-town values. The Eastern, urban cultural shift clashed with conservative and insular mid-western America, which increased the tensions between the two regions
Margaret Sanger (1883-1966)
birth control activist, worked to distribute birth control information to working-class women and opened the nation's first family-planning clinic in 1916. She organized the American Birth Control League, which eventually changed its named to Planned Parenthood
Sigmund Freud (1865-1939)
founder of psychoanalysis; suggested that human behavior was motivated by unconscious and irrational forces. By 1920s, his ideas were being discussed more openly in America
Alice Paul (1885-1977)
leader of the women's suffrage movement and head of Congressional Committee of Nation Women Suffrage Association. She instructed female suffrage activists to use more militant tactics - picketing state legislatures, changing themselves to public buildings, inciting police to arrest them, and undertaking hunger strikes.
Carrie Chapman Catt (1859-1947)
leader of new generation of activists in the women's suffrage movement who carried on the work started by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
Nineteenth Amendment (1920)
granted women right to vote
"new Negro" (1920s)
slow & steady growth of black political influence occurred in northern cities where African Americans were freer to speak and act. This political activity created a spirit of protest that expressed itself culturally in the Harlem Renaissance and politically in "new Negro" nationalism
Harlem Renaissance
African American literary & artistic movement of 1920s & 1930s centered in NYC's Harlem district; writers Langston Hughes, Jean Toomer, Zora Neale Hurston, and Countee Cullen were among those active in the movement
Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)
leading spokesman for Negro Nationalism, which exalted blackness, black cultural expression, and black exclusiveness. He called upon African Americans to liberate themselves from the surrounding white culture and create their own businesses, cultural centers and newspapers. He was also the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association
modernism
both a mood and a movement; recognized that Western civilization had entered an era of change. Traditional ways of thinking & creating art were being rejected & replaced with new understandings and forms of expression
"return to normalcy"
In 1920 presidential election, Republican nominee Warren Harding campaigned on the promise of a "return to normalzy," which would mean a return to conservative values and a turning away from President Wilson's internationalism.
Warren Harding (1865-1923)
In 1920 presidential election, Republican nominee who promised "return to normalcy" - return to conservative values & turning away from Prez Wilson's internationalism. His message resonated with voters' conservative postwar mood; won the election. In office, Harding's administration dismantled many of the social & economic components of progressivism and pursued a pro-business agenda. Appointed four pro-business Supreme Court Justices & his administration cut taxes, increased tariffs, and promoted a lenient attitude towards government regulation against corporations. However, did not speak out against racism and end the exclusion of African Americans from federal positions; his administration did suffer from a series of scandals as the result of him appointing members of the Ohio gang government positions
Andrew Mellon (1855-1937)
Prez Harding's secretary of Treasury, sought to generate economic growth through reducing government spending and lowering taxes. However, he insisted that the tax reductions mainly go to the rich because he believe the wealthy would reinvest their money and spur economic growth. In order to bring greater efficiency and nonpartisanship to the government's budget process, he persuaded Congress to pass the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which created a new Bureau of Budget and a General Accounting Office
Ohio gang
In order to escape the pressures of the White House, Prez Harding met with a group of people called the "ohio gang" in a house on K Street in Washington DC. Members of this gang were given low level positions in the American government and they used their White House connection to "line their pockets" by granting government contracts without bidding, which led to a serious of scandals, most notably - the Teapot Dome Scandal
Teapot Dome
Harding administration scandal in which Secretary of Interior, Albert B. Fall, profited from secret leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, CA
"Silent Cal" Calvin Coolidge (1872-1933)
Vice Prez so after Prez Harding's death, became president. Believed that nation's welfare was tied to success of big business and worked to end government regulation of business and industry as well as reduce taxes. In particular, he focused on the nation's industrial development.
Herbert Hoover (1874-1964)
Prior to presidency, Hoover served as secretary of commerce in both Harding & Coolidge administrations. During his tenure at Commerce Department, he pursued new markets for business and encouraged business leaders to share information as part of the trade-association movement. The Great Depression hit while he was president. Hoover believed that the nation's business structure was sound and sought to revive the economy through boosting the nation's confidence. Also tried to restart the economy with government construction projects, lower taxes & new federal load programs, but nothing worked
Model T Ford
Henry Ford developed this model so that it was affordable for everyone; its success led to an increase in production of automobiles which stimulated other related industries such as steel, oil, and rubber. The mass use of automobiles increased the speed goods could be transported, encouraged urban sprawl, and sparked real estate booms in CA & FL
McNary-Haugen Bill
Vetoed by Prez Coolidge in 1927 & 1928; would have aided farmers and artificially raised agricultural prices by selling surpluses overseas for low prices and selling the reduced supply in the US for higher prices.
Alfred E. Smith (1873-1944)
In 1928 presidential election, won Democratic nomination, but failed to win presidency. Rural voters distrusted him for being Catholic and the son of Irish immigrants as well as his anti-Prohibition stance.
Great Depression
Worst economic depression in American history; it was spurred by the stock market crash of 1929 and lasted until WWII
buying (stock) on margin
The investment practice of making a small down payment (the "margin") on a stock and borrowing the rest of money need for the purchase from a broker who held the stock as security against a down market. If the stock's value declined and the buyer failed to meet a margin call for more funds, the broker could sell the stock to cover his loan.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation Bonus Expeditionary Force
federal program established in 1932 under Prez Hoover to lean money to banks and other institutions to help them avert bankruptcy
New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt's campaign promise, in his speech to the Democratic National Convention of 1932, to combat the Great Depression with a "new deal for the American people;" the phrase became a catchword for his ambitious plan of economic programs.
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882-1945)
elected during Great Depression; sought to help struggling Americans through his New Deal programs that created employment and social programs, such as Social Security. Prior to American's entry into WWII, he supported Britain's fight against Germany through the lend-lease program. After bombing of Pearl Harbor, be declared war on Japan & Germany and led the country through most of WWII before dying of cerebral hemorrhage. In 1945, met with Winston Churchill & Joseph Stalin at Yalta Conference to determine the shape of post-War world
Twenty-first Amendment
repealed prohibition on the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, effectively nullifying the Eighteenth Amendment
Federal Writers' Project
During Great Depression, this project provided writers, like Ralph Ellison, Richard Wright, and Saul Bellow, with work, which gave them chance to develop as artists and be employed
Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)
New Deal legislation that established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) to improve agricultural prices by limiting market supplies; declared unconstitutional in US v. Butler (1936)
National Industrial Recovery Act (1933)
passed on the last of the Hundred Days; it created public-works jobs through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and established a system of self-regulation for industry through the National Recovery Administration, which was ruled unconstitutional in 1935
National Recovery Administration
This organization's two goals were to stabilize business and generate purchasing power for consumers. The first goal was to be achieved through the implementation industry-wide codes that set wages and prices, which would reduce the chaotic competition. To provide consumers with purchase power, the administration would provide jobs, define workplace standards, and raise wages
dust bowl
Great Plains counties where millions of tons of topsoil were blown away from parched farmland in the 1930s; massive migration of farm families followed
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962)
redefined the role of First Lade and was the first woman to address a national political convention, write a nationally syndicated column and hold regular press conferences. She traveled throughout the nation to promote the New Deal, women's causes, organized labor, and meet with African American leaders. She was her husband's liaison to liberal groups and brought women activists and African American and labor leaders to the White House.
Second New Deal
launched by Prz Roosevelt in 1935, in order to rescue New Deal program from judicial and political challenges; was able to convince Congress to pass key pieces of legislation including the National Labor Relations act & Social Security Act. Roosevelt called the latter the New Deal's "supreme achievement" and pensioners started receiving monthly checks in 1940
Huey Long (1893-1935)
began political career in Louisiana and developed a reputation for being an unscrupulous reformer. As a US senator, he became a critic of Prez Roosevelt's New Deal Plan and offered his alternative called the Share-the-Wealth program. He was assassinated in 1935.
Share-the-Wealth program
alternative to New Deal by Huey Long; proposed to confiscate large personal fortunes, which would be used to guarantee every poor family a cash grant of $5,000 & every worker an annual income of $2,500. Under this program, Long promised to provide pensions, reduce working hours, pay veterans' bonuses, and ensures a college education for every qualified student
Court-packing plan
Prez Franklin Roosevelt's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his Second New Deal programs from constitutional challenges
Keynesian economics
theory of economics developed by John Maynard Keynes; argued that increased government spending, even if it increased the nation's deficit, during an economic downturn was necessary to reinvigorate a nation's economy. This view was held by Harry Hopkins & Harold Ickes who advised Prez Roosevelt during Great Depression
"good neighbor" policy
proclaimed by Prez Franklin Roosevelt in his first inaugural address in 1933, it sought improved diplomatic relations between the US and its Latin American neighbors
Mukden incident (1931)
began the Japanese occupation of Machuria; an explosion that destroyed a section of railroad near the city; Japanese blamed incident on Chinese and used it as a pretext to occupy all of Manchuria
Benito Mussolini, "Il Duce" (1883-1945)
The Italian founder of the Fascist party who came to power in Italy in 1922 and allied himself with Hitler and Axis powers during WWII
Adolph Hitler, "Fuhrer" (1889-1945)
leader of the Nazis who advocated a violent anti-Semitic, anti-Marxist, pan-German ideology. Started WWII in Europe & orchestrated the systematic murder of some 6 millions Jews along with more than a million others
National Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) party
founded in early 1920s; party gained control over Germany under Hitler in 1933 & continued in power until Germany's defeat at end of WWII. It advocated a violent, anti-Semitic, anti-Marxist, pan-German ideology. Nazi party systematically murdered some 6 million Jews along with more than a million others
Axis Powers
In WWII, nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan
blitzkrieg (the Blitz)
the German "lightening war" strategy used during WWII; Germans invaded Poland, France, Russia, and other countries with fast-moving, well-coordinated attacks using aircraft, tanks, and other armored vehicles, followed by infantry
"internationalists"
prior to US entry into WWII, they believed that America's national security depended on aiding Britain in its struggle against Germany
Wendell L. Willkie (1892-1944)
In 1940 Presidential election, was Republican nominee and ran against Prez Roosevelt; supported aid to Allies & criticized the New Deal programs. Voters looked at the increasingly dangerous world situation and chose to keep Prez Roosevelt in office for a 3rd term.
lend-lease bill (1941)
permitted the US to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, signifying increasing likelihood of American involvement in WWII
Admiral Chester Nimitz (1885-1966)
During WWII, he was commander of central Pacific. Along with General Douglas MacArthur, he dislodged the Japanese military from Pacific Islands they had occupied
Women's Army Corps (WAC)
During WWII, increased demand for labor shook up old prejudices about gender roles in workplace and in military. Nearly, 200,000 women served in the WAC or its naval equivalent, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)
Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES)
During WWII, increased demand for labor shook up old prejudices about gender roles in workplace and in military. Nearly, 200,000 women served in the WAC or its naval equivalent, Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)
Tuskegee Airmen
During WWII, African Americans in armed forces usually served in segregated units. African American pilots were trained at a separate flight school in Tuskegee, Alabama and were know as Tuskegee Airmen
A. Philip Randolph (1889-1979)
head of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters who planned a march on Washington DC to demand an end to racial discrimination in defense industries. To stop march, Roosevelt administration negotiated an agreement with the Randolph group. The demonstration would be called off and an executive order would be issued that forbid discrimination in defense work and training programs and set up the Fair Employment Practices Committee.
internment of Japanese Americans
In 1942, Prez Roosevelt issued an executive order to have all Japanese Americans forcibly relocated to relocation camps. More than 60% of the more than 100.000 internees were American citizens
Winston Churchill (1874-1965)
British prime minister who led the country during WWII. Along with Roosevelt & Stalin, helped shape the post-war world at Yalta Conference. Also coined the term "iron curtain" which he used in his famous "The Sinews of Peace" speech
Atlantic Charter
issued Aug 12, 1941 - following meetings in Newfoundland between Prez Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill, the charter signaled the allies' cooperation and stated their war aims.
Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)
Bolshevik leader who succeeded Lenin as the leader of Soviet Union in 1924 and ruled country until death. During his totalitarian rule of Soviet Union, he used purges and a system of forced labor camps to maintain control over country. During Yalta Conference, he claimed vast areas of Eastern Europe for Soviet domination. After end of WWII, the alliance between Soviet Union and Western powers altered into tension of cold war and Stalin erected the "iron curtain" between Eastern & Western Europe.
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1890-1969)
During WWII, commanded the Allied Forces landing in Africa and was the supreme Allied commander as well as planner for Operation Overlord. In 1952, was elected president on his popularity as a war hero & his promises to clean up Washington & find an honorable peace in the Korean War. His administration sought to cut the nation's domestic programs & budget, but left the basic structure of New Deal intact. In July 1953, announced the end of fighting in Korea. Appointed Earl Warren to Supreme Court whose influence helped the court become an important force for social and political change. Secretary of state, John Foster Dulles, institutionalized the policies of containment and deterrence; supported the withdrawal of British forces from the Suez Canal and established the Eisenhower doctrine, which promised to aid any nation against aggression by a communist nation; preferred that state and local instititutions to handle civil rights issues and refused to force states to comply with Supreme Court's civil rights decisions; proposed the legislation that became Civil Rights Act of 1957
D-day
June 6, 1944; when an allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold in Europe from which Hitler's defenses could not recover
Operation Overlord
The allies' assault on Hitler's "Atlantic Wall," a seemingly impregnable series of fortifications and minefields along the French coastline that German forces had created using captive Europeans for laborers
Battle of the Bulge
Dec. 16, 1944; the German army launched a counter attack against the Allied forces, which pushed them back. However, the allies were eventually able to recover and breakthrough the German lines. This defeat was a great blow to the Nazi's morale and their army's strength; this battle used up the last of Hitler's reserve units and opened a route into Germany's heartland.
Yalta Conference
Meeting of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin at a Crimean resort to discuss the postwar world on February 4-11, 1945; Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination
"final solution"
Nazi's attempt of completing their "Jewish problem" through use of death camps; the whole sale extermination of some 6 million Jews along with more than 1 million others
J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967)
led the group of physicists at the laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, who constructed the first atomic bomb
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