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military intelligence

Terms in this set (95)

Warfighting Functions
Maneuver
Intelligence
Fire Support
Air Defense Artillery
Command and Control
Logistics
Mobility, Survivability, Counter-Mobility
What is MI?
The commander requires intelligence about the enemy and the battlespace prior to engaging in operations in order to effectively execute battles, engagements, and other missions across the full spectrum of operations.
How does Intelligence assists the commander?
visualizing his battlespace, organizing his forces, and controlling operations to achieve the desired tactical objectives or end-state.
How does Intelligence supports force protection?
by alerting the commander to emerging threats and assisting in security operations.
All Source Intelligence
HUMINT - Human Intelligence
SIGINT - Signals Intelligence
IMINT - Imagery Intelligence
TECHINT - Technical Intelligence
MASINT - Measurements and Signals Intelligence
CI - Counter Intelligence
HUMINT
Human Intelligence
SIGINT
Signals Intelligence
IMINT
Imagery Intelligence
TECHINT
Technical Intelligence
MASINT
Measurements and Signals Intelligence
CI
Counter Intelligence
The Four Intelligence Tasks
Support to Situational Understanding
Support to Strategic Responsiveness
Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
Provide Intelligence Support to Effects
IPB
intelligence preparation of the battlefield
What is IPB
IPB is a systematic, continuous process of analyzing the threat and the environment in a specific geographic area.
Who Conducts IPB?
- Conducted at all levels
Different levels of detail are required
- S2/G2 is staff lead in IPB
- Process remains the same regardless of audience, only products may change
- Everyone in the US Army conducts IPB in some form
The Four Steps of IPB
Define the Battlefield Environment
Describe the Battlefield Effects
Evaluate the Threat
Identify Threat Courses of Action
Define The Battlefield Environment
Area of Operations
Area of Interest
What is the Area of Operations?
The physical space where your unit is authorized to conduct operations. Given to you by your higher headquarters.
What is the Area of Interest?
The physical area where enemy forces or their actions may affect your unit's mission. Determined by the S2 and commander.
Describe The Battlefield Effects
- Analyze the battlefield with regards to:
Terrain (Urban, Complex Terrain)
Weather
- Describe the battlefield's effects on threat / friendly capabilities and broad courses of action.
- Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay (MCOO) is the ultimate product.
Terrain Analysis
Military aspects of terrain (OCOKA / OAKOC)
Lines of communications (roads, rail, waterways)
Cross-country movement overlay
Drainage overlay
Military Aspects of Terrain (other aspects of the battlefield examples
- Logistical Infrastructure (Sources of potable water, power production facilities, natural resources, communications system, transportation system)
- Population Demographics (Education levels, cultural distinctions, religious beliefs)
- Economic Conditions
- Politics (Local, regional and international, treaties, 'unofficial' politics (gangs, warlords))
MILITARY ASPECTS OF WEATHER (FM 34-81-1)
Visibility
Winds
Precipitation
Cloud Cover
Temperature and Humidity
Battlefield Effects - Visibility
- Light data (BMNT, EENT, Sunrise, Sunset, Moon Phases)
- Laser range finding
- Poor visibility increases light infantry survivability
Battlefield Effects - Winds
- Smoke / Chemical dispersion
- Decrease trajectory data and first hit probability
- Affects airborne, air assault, aviation operations
Battlefield Effects - Precipitation
- Degrades mobility
- Limits visibility
- Degrades weapons effectiveness
- Affects troop morale
Battlefield Effects - Cloud Cover
- Heavy cloud cover limits illumination and solar heating of targets
- Degrades many target acquisition systems
- Ceiling affects aviation operation
Battlefield Effects - Temperature and Humidity
- Extreme temperature reduces personnel effectiveness
- Low temperature degrades ballistics of weapons
- Temperature can affect vehicle performance
- High humidity decreases stamina of foot soldier
Evaluate The Threat (Do not underestimate your opponent!)
- Doctrinal Template
- Description Of Tactics And Option
- Identify High Value Target
- Identify Threat Capabilities/Operational Capabilities: Attack, Defend, Reinforce, and Retrograde
- BOS Capabilities (Equipment and Capabilities)
What is the IPB ?
IPB is a systematic, continuous process of analyzing the threat and the environment in a specific geographic area.
What are the four steps of the IPB ?
Define the Battlefield Environment
Describe the Battlefield Effects
Evaluate the Threat
Identify Threat Courses of Action
What are the Four Intel Tasks
Support to Situational Understanding
Support to Strategic Responsiveness
Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
Provide Intelligence Support to Effects
(Evaluate The Threat) Doctrinal Template
Illustrate the deployment pattern and disposition preferred by the threat's normal tactics when not constrained by the effects of the battlefield environment.
Usually scaled graphic depictions of threat dispositions for a particular type of standard operation, such as a
battalion movement to contact
- an insurgent ambush
- terrorist kidnapping.
(Evaluate The Threat) Description Of Tactics And Option
Operations of the major units or elements portrayed on the template
Activities of the different battlefield operating systems.
Listing or description of options available to the threat should the operation fail (branches), or subsequent operations if it succeeds (sequels).
(Evaluate The Threat) Identify High Value Target
HVTS are assets the enemy commander requires to accomplish his mission.
High Payoff Targets are the targets (HVTS) that belong to the enemy that we must kill to be successful.
(Evaluate The Threat) Identify Threat Capabilities/Operational Capabilities: Attack, Defend, Reinforce, and Retrograde
Four tactical COAs open to military forces in conventional operations:
- Attack.
- Defend.
- Reinforce.
- Conduct a retrograde.
Broad COAs can be divided into a variety of more specific COAs.
(Evaluate The Threat) BOS Capabilities (Equipment and Capabilities)
Examples of these types of capabilities are--
Use of NBC weapons.
Use of supporting air assets.
Intelligence collection.
Electronic Warfare.
Engineering operations.
Air assault or airborne operations.
Amphibious assaults.
Psychological operations (PSYOP).
Deception operations.
Determine Threat COAs (How the Enemy will Dance)
- Identify the threat's likely objectives and desired end state.
- Identify full set of COAs available to the threat SITEMPs.
- Evaluate and prioritize each COA.
- Develop each COA in the amount of detail time allows.
- Identify initial collection requirements.
Criteria for each COA
-suitability
-feasibility
-acceptability
-uniqueness
-consistency with doctrine.

Situation templates are graphic depictions of expected threat dispositions should he adopt a particular COA
Situation Development
The act of quickly compiling, displaying, and analyzing the current battle as it relates to the enemy and friendly forces.
Force Protection
Determines if friendly forces are
- under threat of enemy action
- in proper security posture
- informed of the threat
What is the purpose of the MCOO ?
Modified Combined Obstacle Overlay - A Graphical depiction of all Military Aspects of terrain
What is a Doctrinal Template ?
A scaled graphic depiction of threat dispositions for a particular type of standard operation
SUBVERSION
Sabotage or terrorist acts.
ESPIONAGE
Spying (Internal and External)
Field CI practices
Practice camouflage principles and techniques.
Practice noise and light discipline.
Practice field sanitation.
Use proper radiotelephone procedure.
Counterintelligence Measures
- Do not take personal letters or pictures into combat areas.
- Do not keep diaries in combat areas.
- Be careful when discussing military affairs (the enemy may be listening).
- Report anyone who tries to get information about US operations.
- Discuss military operations only with those persons having a need to know the information.
- Remind fellow soldiers of their counterintelligence responsibilities
What is SAEDA?
Subversion and Espionage Directed Against the US Army
What Defines an SAEDA Incident?
- Attempts by unauthorized personnel to obtain classified information.
- Attempts by unauthorized personnel to obtain unclassified, yet FOUO information.
- Acts of espionage or treason by Army personnel.
- Contact with persons known or suspected to be a foreign agent or terrorist.
- Missing classified documents.
- Discovery of surveillance devices near sensitive areas.
Reporting Procedures for SAEDA incident
- Recall as many details as possible as SOON as possible. Make notes of what occurred.
- Contact your S2 / security manager.
- Inform as few people as possible, generally only two (your commander and the S2)
- If outside US, report it to nearest military authority or US Embassy/Consulate.
You are a Platoon Leader given a Defend Mission what information do you need about the Avenue of Approach?
What routes the enemy may take to get to my position
Operational Environment
A composite of all the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of military forces and bear on the decisions of the unit commander.
Physical Environment (Operational Environment Factors)
- Military forces are optimized for certain environments.
Less complex and open environments (Desert Plains) favor the US.
- Enemies will use urban environments and other complex terrain to their advantage.
Nature/Stability of State (Operational Environment Factors)
- Who is in charge - where the real strength is.
Political leadership
Military
Police
- How strong or how shaky.
- Nature and aims of military campaign.
- Kinds of threat present.
Makeup Of Population (Operational Environment Factors)
ROE has to Address
Difficulty distinguishing friend from foe.
Presence of children/ women.
Short ranges of contact/ time to react.
Involvement of civilians from both sides.
Alliances And Coalitions (Operational Environment Factors)
- Political, economic, military, or cultural.
- Regional or global.
- Opponents can influence our coalitions.
- Add to military capability and broaden scale of military operations.
- Unpredictability.
- Nonaligned states.
Military Capabilities (Operational Environment Factors)
The most critical and most complex factor.
Foreign views:
- US has overall technological advantage.
- Others use this as guide to optimizing their own capabilities and negating ours (asymmetric focus).
Conventional against local or regional actors.
Adaptive (asymmetric) when US becomes involved.
Military Capabilities (WMD in Third World States)
Negate US advantages
Threaten higher casualties
Complicate military planning
Perception of military strength
Interfere with force buildup / early entry
Complicate operations
Require protective measures
Technology (Operational Environment Factors)
- Symmetric capabilities.
Level the playing field.
A few systems that are more advanced.

- Asymmetric counters to our high-tech systems.
Less advanced systems in complex/urban settings.
Selected niche areas.
Low-cost, high-payoff new technologies.
Upgrades and hybrids.
Precision munitions.
Technological surprise.
Information (Operational Environment Factors)
Information-based society and information technology.
- Computers.
- Other information systems.
Information warfare.
- Information systems attack.
- Psychological warfare.
- Deception.
Media and global information flow.
- Transparency (access to data).
- Sway public and political opinion.
External Organizations (Operational Environment Factors)
International humanitarian assistance.
- Man made and natural disasters.
- Disease, hunger, and poverty.
Growing in influence and power.
Willingness to become involved in crisis situations.
Stated and hidden interests/objectives.
- Favorable to US and provide assistance.
- Adverse to US or create conflict.
- Make mistakes.
National Will (Operational Environment Factors)
People, government, and military.
Objectives and duration of a conflict.
Victory often depends on will.
Attack the opponent's national will and try to preserve your own.
US national will as a vulnerability—a strategic center of gravity.
Time (Operational Environment Factors)
Time drives decision making and operations.
Opponents see time as being in their advantage.
- Adjust the nature of the conflict.
- Control US entry.
- Dictate the tempo.
Outlast the US will to continue.
Economics (Operational Environment Factors)
"Haves" and "have-nots."
Economic vs military superiority.
Ability to buy military technology or to conduct prolonged operations.
Regional and global relationships can result in military or political assistance.
Which is the most complex Variable?
Military Capabilities
What is meant by Asymmetric Warfare?
Avoid your opponent's strengths.
Use whatever advantages you may have against his weaknesses.
The enemy will not fight you at the tip of the spear.
Categories of nation states
Core States (Major Powers).
Transition States (Want-to-be).
Rogue States (Hostile).
Failed or Failing States (Instability).
Core States (Major Powers).
Dominate World Politics.
Most conflict with global consequences will involve the core states.
Transition States (Want-to-be)
Larger, industrialized countries that want to be Core States.
China
India
Indonesia
Russia
Rogue States (Hostile)
Countries hostile to their neighbors
Weaker countries, but still a threat.
Seek weapons of mass destruction.
Support and sell arms to terrorists.
North Korea
Iran
Cuba
Libya
Failed or Failing States (Instability).
Weaker countries falling apart.
Revolution
Economic collapse
Rogue Actors
Terrorist.
Drug-trafficking.
Criminal.
Third Party Actors
Media
External Orgs
Civilians
Conduct Intelligence, Surveillance, And Reconnaissance (ISR)
With staff participation, the intelligence officer synchronizes intelligence support to the ISR effort by focusing the collection, processing, analysis, and intelligence products on the critical needs of the commander. The operations officer, in coordination with the intelligence officer, tasks and directs the available ISR assets to answer the commander's critical information requirements (CCIRs). Through various detection methods and systematic observation, reconnaissance and surveillance obtains the required information. A continuous process, this task has four subtasks: perform intelligence synchronization, perform ISR integration, conduct tactical reconnaissance, and conduct surveillance
ISR
The CCIR (PIR and FFIR).
A prioritized list of the remaining intelligence requirements.
Evaluated ISR assets and resources.
All of the assigned ISR tasks.
Surveillance involves?
Continuously observing an area to collect information. Wide-area and focused surveillance provides valuable information.
Reconnaissance assets?
Collect information and can validate current intelligence or predictions. Reconnaissance units, unlike other units, are designed to collect information.
NAI
named area of interest
Collectors Must Ask Four Questions of an NAI?
Why is it important to look there?
What do we expect to see?
When should we expect to see it?
How long do we need to look?
The Five S's?
SEARCH
SILENCE
SEGREGATE
SAFEGUARD
SPEED TO THE REAR
Search
Search PWs as soon as they are captured.
Take weapons and papers, EXCEPT identification papers and protective masks.
Give them a written receipt for any personal property and documents taken.
Tag documents and personal property to show which PW had them.
HANDLING CAPTURED DOCUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT
- Enemy documents and equipment are good sources of information.
- Documents may be official (maps, orders, records, photos) or personal (letters or diaries).
- If such items are not handled properly, the information in them may become lost or outdated
- Give them to your leader quickly.
- Tag each item using the form shown on the next slide.
- If the item was found on a PW, put that PW's name on the tag.
Segregate
Segregate PWs
By Sex
And Into Subgroups Such As
Enlisted Personnel
Civilians
Political Figures.
This keeps the leaders from promoting escape efforts. Keep the groups segregated as you move them to the rear.
Silence
Silence EPWs
Do not let them talk to each other.
This keeps them from planning escape and cautioning each other on security.
Report anything a PW says or does.
Speed
Speed PWs to the rear.
Turn them over to your leader.
He will assemble them and move them to the rear for questioning by the S2.
Safeguard
- Safeguard EPWs when taking them to the rear.
- Do not let anyone abuse them.
- Watch for escape attempts.
- Do not let PWs bunch up, spread out too far, or start diversions (Such conditions may create a chance for escape).
- If a PW is wounded and cannot be evacuated through normal channels, turn him over to medical personnel to be evacuated through medical channels.
Provide Intelligence Support To Effects
The task of providing the commander information and intelligence support for targeting of the threat's forces, threat organizations, units and systems through lethal and non-lethal fires to include electronic attack and information operations
Providing Intelligence Support to Target Development?
The systematic analysis of the enemy forces and operations to determine HVTs, systems, and system components for potential attack through maneuver, fires, or information.
Providing Intelligence Support to Target Detection?
Establishes procedures for dissemination of targeting information. The targeting team develops the sensor / attack system matrix to determine the sensor required to detect and locate targets. The intelligence officer places the following requirements into the integrated ISR plan
Information Operations
IO are actions taken to affect adversary information, influence other's decision making processes and information systems while protecting one's own information and information systems. Overall operational continuity and mission success requires close, mutual coordination and synchronization of intelligence plans and operations with IO elements and related activities.
Combat Assessment
Determines if desired effects were achieved on targets that were engaged.
- Conduct Physical Damage Assessment
- Conduct Functional Damage Assessment
- Conduct Target System Assessment
Re-attack Recommendation.
Part of collection plan.
Asymmetric Warfare?
- Avoid your opponent's strengths.
- Use whatever advantages you may have against his weaknesses.
- The enemy will not fight you at the tip of the spear.
What are the 5 S's in EPW practice?
Search
Silence
Segregate
Safeguard
Speed To The Rear
What is the purpose of electronic warfare support?
To search, identify, intercept and locate electronic emitters.
What are the four threat collection capabilities?
Human Intelligence (HUMINT)
Imagery Intelligence (IMINT)
Signals Intelligence (SIGINT)
Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT)
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