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Psychology outcome 2

Terms in this set (42)

nature
the physical and biological characteristics we gain from our parents
nurture
the environment we grow up in and the experiences we go through
sensitive periods
certain periods in development that are ideal for learning a specific behaviour e.g. learning to walk
critical periods
times of increased sensitivity of environmental influences when the conditions are optimal
heritability of intelligence
the level of intelligence
ainsworth attachment theory
the close emotional relationship between an infant and mother or primary caregiver
avoidant insecure
the baby rarely cried continuing to play and expose when the was mother there and when she wasn't
secure attachment
they are depended on the care givers presence and do not continue play and explore
anxious attachment
great distress was shown when the mother left and were not calmed easily when they returned
brain plasticity
the brains ability to modify its structure and function
developmental plasticity
changes in brain neutrons and their synaptic connections that occur because of developmental processes
cognitive development
the development of mental process over the lifespan
the sensorimotor period
infants construct their understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences e.g. they want to grab
key accomplishments - sensorimotor period
goal directed behaviour carried out with a purpose in mind and object permanence which is understanding that objects exist when they cant be seen
preoperational period
development of symbolic thought using symbols such as words or pictures to represent objects, places or events.
key accomplishments - pre operational period
decentered thought, thinking about situations from multiple perspectives. centration focusing on one object at a time and reversibility which is the ability to follow a line to its original starting point
concrete operational period
mental operations can now be performed, with concrete ideas but we cannot use abstract ideas, thinking involves around what we know and experience
key accomplishments - concrete operational
conservation which is an object not changing when it is changed and classification which is the ability to organise information
formal operational period
thought is more complex and they are now able to use abstract thinking, which is the ability to see things in order to understand concepts
key accomplishments - formal operational period
abstract thinking which is seeing thing in order to understand concepts e.g. develop beliefs and logical thought being able to solve problems
Erikson's theory
we face a specific psychological dilemma at each stage of our lives
psychological dilemma
a conflict between personal impulses and the social world
stage 1, trust versus mistrust
trust is established when babies are given warmth, touching, love and physical care. Mistrust is created by caregivers who are cold and rejecting
stage 2, autonomy versus shame and doubt
parents can foster a sense of autonomy by encouraging their children to try new things. In exploring new skills children are bound to make mistake they should be praised. Parents who ridicule or overprotect their children cause doubt and shame
stage 3, initiative versus guilt
parents who reinforce initiative in their children give them the freedom to play and ask questions. Feeling of guilt are formed if parents prevent play or discourage a child's questions
stage 4, industry versus inferiority
the child enters school and they begin to learn skills valued by society. Children learn a sense of industry through praise for productive activities. If a child's efforts are regarded as messy or childish feelings of inferiority result
stage 5, identity versus role confusion
adolescence must build an identity out of their talents, life history, values and the demands of their culture. People who fail to develop a sense of identity suffer from role confusion.
stage 6, intimacy versus isolation
intimacy refers to the ability to care about others and share experiences with them. Failure to establish intimacy with others leads to a sense of isolation
stage 7, generatively versus stagnation
Generatively refers to an interest in guiding the next generation, this can be achieved by caring for one's own child or helping others. The opposite is stagnation which is when the person is concerned with there own needs and comforts
stage 8, integrity versus despair
the person who has lived richly and responsibly develops a sense of integrity, while people who experience despair feel heartache and remorse
typical behaviour
a person acts as they usually do
atypical behaviour
a person acts in a way that is unusual for them
adaptive behaviour
actions that enable a person from effectively carrying out everyday tasks
maladaptive behaviour
actions that interfere with a persons ability to carry out their usual activities in an effective manner
socio-cultural approach
thoughts, feelings and behaviour that is appropriate in a particular society
functional approach
if an individual is able to cope with living independently in society
historical approach
normality depending on the era
medical approach
abnormal thoughts, feelings or behaviour due to biological reasons
statistical approach
behaviour in a large group is distributed in a normal distribution
situational approach
the idea that though, feelings and behaviour can be considered normal in one situation but not in different situations
who definition of mental health
a state of emotional and social wellbeing in which individuals can realise their own abilities, cope with norma stress of life, work and contribute to their community
biopsychosocial factors, biology
biology, psychology and social context
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