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psychology UNIT2 ASOS1

Terms in this set (74)

sensation
the process of when our sense organs and receptors detect and respond to sensory information
perception
the process of giving meaning to sensory information, resulting in our personal interpretation of something
6 visual perception process
- reception
- transduction
- transmission
- selection
- organisation
- interpretation
reception
detecting and responding to incoming sensory information
transduction
the photoreceptors change the sensory info into electrochemical energy so that it can travel along the neural pathways to the brain
transmission
the photoreceptors send the electrochemical energy along the optic nerve to a particular part of the brain
selection
detecting and filtering the neural impulses sent from the receptor site e.g. colour or shape
organisation
the elements of stimuli are grouped to form a meaningful whole
interpretation
the final stage were meaning is given to the stimuli
light energy / neural impulses
electrochemical energy
what part of the brain is the electrochemical energy sent to ?
the occipital lobe with the primary visual cortex to receive and process visual information
the 5 senses
- taste
- hearing
- sight
- smell
- touch
absolute threshold
minimum amount of stimulus energy needed to perceive a stimulus
electromagnetic spectrum
the energy that enable us to see light energy
gestalt principles
how people organise visual elements into groups
4 gestalt principles
- figure ground
- closure
- similarity
- proximity
figure ground
the tendency to receive a part of visual stimulus as being more relevant and standing out against the less relevant surroundings
closure
the tendency to ignore the gaps and see the whole complete figure
similarity
the tendency to group similar stimuli together as a whole
proximity
the tendency to group stimuli that is close together and create a whole
depth cues
the ability to recognise distances and 3D
binocular
using both eyes
monocular
using one eye
feature detectors
turn stimuli into recognisable objects
convergence
when the brain interprets the depth and distance of an object
accommodation
the brain monitors the ciliary muscles as the lens bulges and flatters to focus on an object
cones
bright light, produce colour sensation and pick up fine details
rods
allow us to see dim/low light, see in black and white and less detailed
cornea
protects the front of the eye and helps to focus light rays onto the retina
aqueous humour
water fluid between the cornea and pupil, provides nutrients and oxygen to the eye
pupil
helps control amount of light entering eye
iris
controls the amount of light entering the eye by expanding and contracting, responsible for regulating size of the pupil
lens
located behind the pupil it focuses the light onto the retina
ciliary muscles
contracts or relaxes to change the lens' shape so it can focus light
vitreous humour
helps maintain shape of eyeball and helps focus light
retina
layer of photoreceptors that receive and absorb light and processes images
fovea
located in the middle of the retina that contains only cones, vision is sharpest when the lens focuses the light image on the fovea
optic nerve
neural pathways that visual stimuli travel from the eye to the brain
retinal disparity (binocular)
enables us to make judgements about the depth / distance of an object
convergence (binocular)
the brain interprets the depth and distance of an object based on changing tension in the eye muscles
accommodation (monocular)
judge depth and distance by measuring the amount that the lens bulges and flattens
pictorial depth cues (monocular)
give the perception depth in a 1D photo
5 pictorial depth cues
- linear perspective
- relative size
- interposition
- texture gradient
- height in the visual field
linear perspective
the convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance
relative size
refers to the small retinal image of two objects being perceived as further away and the larger retinal image of two objects being perceived as closer
interposition
occurs when one object partially blocks another object and therefore is perceived as being in front of it, and therefore closer than
texture gradient
refers to the surface features of an object being seen as smaller and less detailed the more distant an object becomes
height in the visual field
objects close to the horizon appear further away, then they actually are e.g. looking out at a boat far out near the horizon of the ocean
size constancy
recognising that an object's actual size remains the same even though it may change
shape constancy
the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change in the shape
brightness constancy
the tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its level of brightness in its surroundings despite changes in the light
a train comes towards you and the image it casts on each retina gets progressively bigger but you know the train is not increasing in size
size constancy example
opening at a door and it becoming flat and narrow
shape constancy example
a top in different lights
brightness constancy example
perceptual constancies
the tendency to perceive an object as remaining unchanging and constant despite changes that may occur to the image cast on the retina
perceptual set
when we see what we expect to see
5 factors of perception
- context
- motivation
- emotion
- past experiences
- culture
context
the setting or environment in which a perception is made e.g. you could see a B or 13
motivation
behaviour that is directed towards achieving a goal, a person motivation is different e.g. different football team supports
emotional
how we are feeling, different emotions make us perceive information in a particular way e.g. noticing your crush
past experiences
personal experiences throughout our lives e.g. witnesses something
culture
our values and beliefs, a way of life of a particular community
illusions
misinterpretation of real sensory stimuli
ponzo illusion
we perceive one line longer than the other
moon illusion
the moon appears larger when near the horizon than when its high in the sky
muller-lyer illusion
the arrowhead needed line appears shorter
taste
the sensory experience of a substance that is place in the mouth and perceived a flavour
5 primary tastes
- sweet
- salty
- sour
- bitter
- umami
taste reception
starts with molecules in food dissolving with saliva and the chemicals stimulate the taste buds
taste transduction
the chemical energy is converted by the receptor cells into electrochemical nerve impulses
taste transmission
the messages are sent from the taste buds and travel along the cranial nerve to the brain
taste biological factors
age e.g. infants have more tastebuds and as we grow older we loose them
taste psychological factors
past experiences of predisposition to taste
taste social factors
culture was our taste preferences are largely learnt by our culture
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