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PSY251

Terms in this set (56)

MRI, magnetic, multiple sclerosis
__________,uses __________,fields, of water molecules, to detect for images of soft tissue, can be used to see cell bodies as water cannot flow between intracellular fluid and intercellular fluid freely. Used to detect abnormalities in neural pathways such as__________,
EEG
records brain waves
fMRI, blood, oxygen, glucose, less
Detects the amount of __________,, __________,and__________, the brain uses glucose when areas are active. Oxygen rich blood is__________, magnetic than oxygen poor blood
CT scan, angles, density, lesions
x-ray images from multiple__________, dense material shows as white and low__________, material shows as black, can be used to detect__________, which have a lower density of neurons.
X-ray
a photo which shows bones and parts of the body
PET scan
deep, subcortical, invasive
__________, brain stimulation, is electrodes implanted in__________, structures. It requires surgery and is__________,
Parkinson's, schizophrenia
Deep brain stimulation is used to treat__________, by stimulating the globus pallidus, __________, and possibly epilepsy.
Magnetic, depolarise, repetitive, depression
Transcranial__________, stimulation (TMS) a small coil changes the magnetic field of a targeted population of neurons to__________, and fire.__________, stimulation can produce long lasting effects, there is evidence for the treatment of__________,
EEG, cap, sleep, brain
__________, stands for electroencephalograph. It is the__________, Used in monitoring__________, stages, anaesthesia and__________, death.
ERP
Event __________, potentials
MEG, 3D, resolution, cost
___________ or magnetoencephalography, the magnetic version of EEG. Can measure groups of electrical activity in__________, less distortion than EEG, and higher__________, DISADVANTAGES:__________, and must keep still. Pete
intracellular, single, kill, awake
__________, recording, allows the direct study of a__________, neuron electoral activity. Disadvantages, it can__________, a cell, it cannot be done in__________, animals.
Extracellular, specific click read on
__________, recording has shown cells are highly__________, to what excites them.
ERP, negative, 100
EEG has to do with the fact that the brain is always creating event -related potentials (__________, ) to detect brain activity the summation of the responses is subtracted from normal brain function. N 100 indicates a__________, wave after__________, milliseconds
non-invasive,cheap, many areas
EEG, advantages: , __________, can record__________, simultaneously, and their order
Subcortical, Invasive, poor temporal resolution
fMRI ADVANTAGES: can look at the summation of different brain regions, can detect __________,regions non-__________, disadvantage__________, expensive, loud,
CNS anatomical organisation
CNS functional organisation
Cerebellum, motor function, learning
This region of the brain has the highest percentage of neurons, the_______________ , it is mainly involved in_______________ , balance, abstract thinking, _______________ , emotional control and language. It looks like a little cauliflower.
Globus pallidus, Putamen, caudate nucleus
Basal ganglia
Amygdala
emotion
Hippocampus
Memory and spatial navigation
Pons
Relay signals sleeping, breathing, healing, facial expression
medulla oblongata
controls many vital functions such as respiration and heart rate., ANS
Thalamus
Integrate sensory information and sends to neocortex
Hypothalamus
Temperature regulation, eating, drinking, and sex behaviour
Lange, emotions caused by physical sensations.
The James-________ theory of emotion suggests that ____________ are caused by _______________.

You see a bear, your heart races, your body interprets the racing heart as the emotion fear, therefore you feel afraid

you feel frightened because you are trembling.
Cannon-Bard theory
arousal and emotion occur simultaneously, without causing each other

Cannon-Bard disagreed with Lange

1) people feel physical sensations such as racing heart which is linked to the emotion of fear, during exercise without experiencing fear.

2) emotional states arise too quickly to be purely a response to physiological states


When you encounter a danger in the environment, you will often feel afraid before you start to experience the physical symptoms associated with fear such as shaking hands, rapid breathing, and a racing heart.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling, and muscle tension simultaneously.

emotions result when the thalamus sends a message to the brain in response to a stimulus, resulting in a physiological reaction. At the same time, the brain also receives signals triggering the emotional experience.
Schachter--singer theory
Also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, the Schachter-Singer
suggests physiological arousal occurs first, and then the individual must identify the reason for this arousal to experience and label it as an emotion. A stimulus leads to a physiological response that is then cognitively interpreted and labeled which results in an emotion.

Schachter and Singer's theory draws on both the James-Lange theory and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Like the James-Lange theory, the Schachter-Singer theory proposes that people do infer emotions based on physiological responses. The critical factor is the situation and the cognitive interpretation that people use to label that emotion.

Like the Cannon-Bard theory, the Schachter-Singer theory also suggests that similar physiological responses can produce varying emotions. For example, if you experience a racing heart and sweating palms during an important math exam, you will probably identify the emotion as anxiety. If you experience the same physical responses on a date with your significant other, you might interpret those responses as love, affection, or arousal.
Learnt aversion
Learnt taste aversion

occurs when a food is eaten at the time of illness, irrespective of whether the food because the illness. The brain is prewired to connect eating foods, and illness and result in avoiding those foods as an evolutionary process.

This is pairing one stimulus, with a negative stimulus.
Limbic system
The brain regions involved in emotion are:
the__________ cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus, pituitary gland and amygdala.
Limbic pathways to emotion
Prefrontal cortex >amygdala
prefrontal cortex >cingulate cortex <somatosensory cortex
amygdala
To summarize, a species' survival requires a functioning amygdala. It influences autonomic and hormonal responses through its connections to the hypothalamus. It influences our conscious awareness of the positive and negative consequences of events and objects through its connections to the prefrontal cortex.
Human Nervous System
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Periferal Nervous System (PNS)
CNS
Brain, brainstem, and spinal chord
PNS
sensory receptors, etc all other neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
behaviour
Any kind of movement, including mental processes such as thinking and imagining
nervous
Behaviour is caused by ______________ system activity in animals
cerebellum, learning, movement
The ________________is specialized for ______________and coordinating ________________.
embodied behavior
Theory that the movements we make and the movements we perceive in others are central to communication with others.
behaviour
consists of patterns in time including movements, vocalisations and thinking
learned behaviour
example: cultural a baby roof rat must learn to eat pinecones from its mother
innate behaviour
example: crossbills beak specifically designed for eating pinecones and it does not need its mother to teach it.
mentalism
by Aristotle as an explanation for how the brain worked. Aristotle suggested that there was a soul/psyche spirit that made up the mind and this spirit existed outside of us and continued on past our death. The brain played no part in consciousness, and was considered solely an organ for cooling the body.
dualism
Descartes proposed that the mind and body were separate. The brain had a role, but this was an intermediary, between the mind and the body. The mind controlled the brain, which controlled the body via fluids and the pineal gland
materialism
follows Darwin, suggesting that behaviour is resultant from the biological activity of the brain. Suggesting that behaviour is biological in nature and causes can always be found with in the physiological structures, chemical interactions and physicality of the brain
Brain and intelligence
while the general idea that a bigger brain is correlated with intelligence, this statement is a best tween species comparison and not true within the species.
It is important to take into account the amount of convolutions as the surface area rather than gross mass is more important for intelligence correlation. Within humans although there is a difference in the weight between men and women's brains this does not correlate with more or less intelligence, historical figures that have been considered highly intelligent have had significantly
varying weights.
traumatic brain injury
A wound to the brain that results from a blow to the head
Small molecule, peptide, gaseous, lipid
4 types of neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
Type of neurotransmitter Used in muscles, learning, production is influenced by the food we eat, and small molecule
GABA
Inhibitory neurotransmitter related, amino acids
Glutamate
Excitatory neurotransmitter, amino acids
Epinephrine
Adrenaline, and amine
Norepinephrine
Noradrenaline, and amine
Serotonin
An amine
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