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2: Acids and bases

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OrganicChemExplained
Understanding the chemistry of acids and bases is vital to success in Organic Chemistry. Get ready to ace your Organic Chemistry class by mastering these fundamentals with this free study set!

Terms in this set (18)

acid (Brønsted-Lowry)
A substance that donates a proton (H+)
base (Brønsted-Lowry)
A substance that accepts a proton (H+)
conjugate base
The product formed when an acid loses a proton
conjugate acid
The product formed when a base gains a proton
acidity constant (Ka)
pKa
strong acid
A substance with a low pKa
weak acid
A substance with a high pKa
cation
A positively charged species
anion
A negatively charged species
zwitterion
A species with separate positively and negatively charged groups
Lewis acid
An electron pair acceptor
Lewis base
An electron pair donor
HSAB theory (Pearson acid-base theory)
Hard and soft acids and bases
hard acid
Acids which tend to have:
• small radii
• high oxidation state
• low polarizability
• high energy LUMO
• affinity for ionic bonding
hard base
Bases which tend to have:
• small radii
• high oxidation state
• low polarizability
• low energy HOMO
• affinity for ionic bonding
soft acid
Acids which tend to have:
• large radii
• low or zero oxidation state
• high polarizability
• lower energy LUMO
• affinity for covalent bonding
soft base
Bases which tend to have:
• large radii
• low or zero oxidation state
• high polarizability
• higher energy HOMO
• affinity for covalent bonding
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