Bioscience 2

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An administered drug can be safely considered to be cleared from the body system if it has reached 5% or less of its initial concentration in the blood. Mr Smith (85 years old) is given 80 mg of a drug parentally at 1100 hours. The drug normally has a 2 hour half-life.

How much drug is estimated to be in his system at 1500 hours?
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An administered drug can be safely considered to be cleared from the body system if it has reached 5% or less of its initial concentration in the blood. Mr Smith (85 years old) is given 80 mg of a drug parentally at 1100 hours. The drug normally has a 2 hour half-life.

How much drug is estimated to be in his system at 1500 hours?
20 mg
An administered drug can be safely considered to be cleared from the body system if it has reached 5% or less of its initial concentration in the blood. Mr Smith (85 years old) is given 80 mg of a drug parentally at 1100 hours. The drug normally has a 2 hour half-life.

How soon could he be safely considered as being cleared of the drug?
2100 hours
Which of the following modes of drug administration is considered parenteral?
injection
The swelling during inflammation is due to
increased permeability of the blood vessels.
The three phases of wound healing in correct order are
inflammatory > proliferative > remodelling.
Which of the following is a part of the first line of defense against microorganisms?
skin and mucous membranes.
Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________.
opsonization.
Which of the following is true of fever?
Its production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting.
Natural killer (NK) cells ________________________.
can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated.
Which of the following are signs of acute inflammation?
Redness and heat.
The redness of the inflamed region following injury is largely due todilation of local arterioles bringing more blood to the site.This cell mediates the body's cellular immune response.T cell.The area where B lymphocytes become immunocompetent is ___________.Bone marrow.The cells involved in cell-mediated immunity are ________.lymphocytes.Auto immune diseases all result in _____________.the development of self antibodies.Pharmacokinetics can be defined as _______________.drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.After being vaccinated against a certain disease, one may have developed __________.artificially acquired active immunity.A person with AIDS has a reduced immune response due to ________________A person with AIDS has a reduced immune response due to ________________The humoral immune response is the _____________production of specific antibodies by B lymphocytes.Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?Bleeding.The process in which antibodies coat foreign proteins is called ________.opsonization.Which of the following is a non-specific body defence mechanism?Inflamation.A section of the DNA that codes for a protein is _______________geneTranslation is a process where a protein is formed from a ________________.messenger RNA.Mucosa Associated Lymph Tissue (MALT) is populated by __________________.lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages.Neutrophils produce an antimicrobial chemical called ________.defensinTrace the passage of lymph transport from the right thigh to the venous blood supply by correctly ordering (five) 5 of the following? Lymphatic capillaries Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duct Lymph nodes Lymphatic trunks Superior vena cava1, 4, 5, 2, 6The leukocytes responsible for cell mediated (not humoral) immunity are _______________.T lymphocytes.CD8 cells are also known as ______________.Cytotoxic T cellsSubstances that provoke an immune response are called ________.antigensThe mode of action of the antibiotic Penicillin is ___________.inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan.An antimicrobial drug with a broad spectrum of activity is __________.active against a range of organisms.Which of the following is not true of our adaptive immune system?It is restricted to the initial infection site.Clone cells capable of secreting large amounts of antibodies are called __________.plasma cells.John, a university student, contracts influenza and returns a week later to classes free of symptoms of the disease. He is now immune to that particular strain of influenza because he has developed _____________.active natural immunity.Examples of first line of defense include:cilia, mucous and lysozymes.The inflammatory response is characterised by:increased vascular permeability to serum proteins in the inflamed area.Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria.lysozymesThe aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:dust, bites and infection.Which of the following is a part of the second line of defence against microorganisms?PhagocytesOne of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganismsA chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:interferons.Examples of second lines of defence include:natural killer cells.The main phagocytic cells in the body are:macrophages and neutrophils.Which nonspecific defence cell specialises in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?Natural killer cellsWhich of the following is part of the second line of defence?Complement systemWhich of the following is part of the first line of defence?Lysozymeswelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:leakage of fluid into surrounding tissue due to increased permeability of blood vessels.Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?Formation of new epithelial tissueWhich of the following is a feature of a wound that would heal by primary intention?Simple cut with no tissue lossPolypharmacy is more common in patients:with increasing age.The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:blood-brain.The half- life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?6.25mgMicrosomes for drug metabolism are found in the:cells of the liver.The extent of a drug's protein binding determines its:bioavailability.A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:more potentThe effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:by poor vascularisation at the site of administration.In the 20th century the most common source of drugs was:made synthetically.Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:as a suppository.Drugs which bind strongly to albumin:concentrate in the bloodstream.The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:pharmacology.The mechanism through which drugs exert their effects on the body is called:pharmacodynamics.The amount of a drug available to the body for a therapeutic effect is called:bioavailability.Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:toxicity.Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:in the form of a patch.Which one of the following best describes procaryotic cells? They consist of:a cell wall and a membrane enclosing cytoplasm.Which one of the following statements is true?Only some microorganisms cause infections in humans.Only some microorganisms cause infections in humans.introducing the use of carbonic acid to treat surgical wounds to reduce infectionsBacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:cell wall structure.Fimbriae are attachment structures present on the outer surface of:bacteriaWhich one of the following statements is true?Viruses are unable to replicate outside a host cell.A major difference between procaryotes and viruses is:procaryotes have a cell wall and viruses do not.Binary fission is:a process of replication undertaken by procaryotes.Which part of the infection cycle involves the virus entering the host cell?PenetrationWhich type of microorganism produces endospores?bacteriaWhich of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?virusWhich of the following is described as a mutated protein which is responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?PrionWhich of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?VirusWhich of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?bacteriaWhich of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?FimbriaeWhich one of the following statements is true?Water is a reservoir for a number of human pathogens.The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called:reservoir.In the chain of infection, the process by which microorganisms are transferred from a source to a susceptible host is called:mode of transmission.Which one of the following statements is true?Many pathogens that cause disease in humans only survive outside the body for a short period of time.In the chain of infection, areas of the body from which pathogens are able to be shed are called:portal of exitBiological transmission refers to:transmission involving the ingestion of the pathogen in an insect vector.The reservoir of infection for a human pathogen is:a habitat where the microorganisms can persist for long periods.Faecal-oral transmission refers to the transmission of:pathogens which are ingested and then excreted in faeces.In the chain of infection, areas of the body from which pathogens are able to enter are called:portal of entry.The bacteria E. coli naturally resides in the colon of humans. The human, therefore is considered to be the:reservoir.A person infected with the influenza virus coughs without covering their mouth. Which of the following modes of transmission most likely represents this situation?Droplet transmissionThe mode of transmission that involves contaminated fomites is called:indirect contact.Which of the following would represent the mode of transmission by direct contact?Hand shaking between an infected person and a susceptible personChlamydia trachomatis is a bacteria transmitted by unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected individual. The mode of transmission in this case would be:direct contact.Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:can cause surgical wound infections.An opportunistic infection is:an infection caused by organisms that do not normally cause disease but can under certain conditions.An example of an endogenous infection would be:an infection caused by organisms from the person's own gastrointestinal tract.Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?BacteriaA healthcare associated infection is:an infection acquired only in a healthcare facility.A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:acquired whilst in a healthcare facility.A superbug is a microorganism which:is resistant to multiple types of antibiotics.Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?Urinary tractA sub clinical infection is:an infection that does not produce any recognisable signs and symptoms.Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonises:in the nose.Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?Inhibits cell wall synthesis.Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis?TetracyclineHow are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic cid able to maintain selective toxicity?Bacteria must synthesis folic acid while humans acquire it from their diet.The ability for a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism responsible for the disease without causing harm to the host cells is termed:selective toxicity.An antibiotic that has the ability to inhibit replication of the microorganism so the host's immune system can kill the microorganism is termed:bacteriostatic.Why are antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis at ribosomes able to have selective toxicity?Human ribosomes are different to bacterial ribosomesThe RNA used as a template to synthesise a protein on a ribosome is called:mRNA.Protein synthesis takes place on:ribosomesThe RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called:mRNA.The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRMA is termed:transcription.The process of synthesising a protein from a mRMA template is termed:translation.What are probiotics?Bacteria that promote good health in the digestive systemIn a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represent the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of:inhibition.Which of the following organs filters lymph?Lymph nodesAll of the following are normal components of lymph EXCEPT:red blood cellsThe fluid present within the lymphatic system is called:lymphWhen lymph nodes trap foreign cells they will:swell in sizeThe thoracic duct drains lymph from all of the following body areas EXCEPT:right upper limbThe large cluster of lymph nodes located in the neck region are called:cervical nodesCollections of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) that protect mucosal surfaces include all of the following EXCEPT:thymusAll of the following are functions of the lymphatic system EXCEPT:transportation of dietary sugarsLymphoid tissue present at the entrance of the pharynx are called:tonsilsLymph nodes swell when exposed to foreign cells due to:lymphocytes increasing in numberThe large cluster of lymph nodes located in the groin region are called:inguinal nodesThe composition of lymph differs to that of blood in that lymph has a:higher percentage of fatsLymph enters a lymph node via:afferent lymphatic vesselsWhich of the following body regions will the right lymphatic duct drain?Right side of headWhich of the following is classified as a primary lymphoid organ?red bone marrowIn the sequence of lymphatic drainage, lymphatic trunks will drain into lymphatic:ductsThe specialised lymphatic vessels present within villi of small intestines, that serve to absorb digested fats are called:lactealsLymphoid tissue associated with the digestive tract include all of the following EXEPT:Islets of LangerhansAntibodies acquired by a baby during breast feeding is an example of:passive natural immunityCytotoxic T cells and memory cells both belong to:cell mediated immune responseAll of the following cells belong to the specific immune system except:natural killer cellsWhat is the role of helper T cells?To release cytokines that activate the immune systemAnother name for adaptive immunity is:specific immunityThe secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B cells provides:humoral immunityThe two categories of lymphocytes are:B and T cellsVaccinating a person is an example of:active artificial immunityWhat is produced as part of the humoral immune response?antibodiesAn elderly person that develops shingles would have been previously exposed to which disease ?chicken poxWhat information will a serology report provide?Presence of specific antibodies in the bloodWhat is the role of CD 8 cells?A toxic attack on antigen associated invading cellsPlasma cells and memory cells both belong to:humoral immune responseMaturation of B lymphocytes takes place in the:red bone marrowWhich of the following is an example of active artificial immunity?Vaccination against chicken poxActivated helper T cells release molecules calledcytokinesT lymphocytes are involved in:cell mediated immunityCell mediated immune response involves:T lymphocytesB and T lymphocytes originate in the:red bone marrowMaturation of T lymphocytes takes place in the:thymusWhich of the following is an example of active natural immunity?Becoming infected by the bacteria that causes whooping coughWhich cells of the specific immune system does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroy?Helper T cellsThe proteins secreted by plasma cells are called:antibodiesWhich of the following disease classifications would autoimmune diseases belong to?ImmunologicalIn epidemiology, morbidity is:number of people with the illnessWhich of the following is considered to be a symptom?headacheSevere clinical features and a short course is the definition for:an acute diseaseWhich of the following microorganisms is believed to have links to stomach cancer?Helicobacter pyloriVaccination against which of the following is believed to contribute to reducing the risk of developing cancer of the liver?Hepatitis BIn epidemiology, which of the following refers to an outbreak of a disease within a particular location?epidemicWhich of the following is considered to be a sign?swellingWhich of the following microorganisms has links to causing cervical cancer?Human papillomavirus (HPV)Aetiology is the:cause of the diseaseA stated subjective experience by a patient is referred to as a:symptomA sudden increase in severity in the signs and symptoms of a disease is:exacerbationIn epidemiology, the number of new disease cases in a given year refers to:incidenceThe development of a disease and the chain of events that lead to the diseased state is the definition for:pathogenisisWhich of the following is considered to be a metabolic disease?diabetesAn objectively identifiable feature of a disease is the definition for:a signBeing infected with the Hepatitis B virus will increase the risk of developing which cancer?liverWhich disease classification is a pressure ulcer?IatrogenicThe probably outcome of a disease is:prognosisAll of the following an examples of autoimmune diseases except:AIDSAn individual born with an immunodeficiency is referred to asa primary immune deficiencyWhich cell does HIV attack?helper T cellWhy does a person infected with HIV experience opportunistic infections?Due to a depressed immune systemDue to a depressed immune systema secondary immune deficiencyAll of the following are signs present in an individual who has untreated HIV infection except:weight gainIgE antibodies are specifically produced when:a person has an allergyA local allergic reaction such as allergic rhinitis will display all the following features except:bronchodilationAdrenaline is administered to a person experiencing anaphylactic shock as it will cause all of the following except:excess mucous productionA disease that involves the production of self-antibodies and activation of T cells against self-antigens found in the body is known as:an autoimmune disorderA systemic allergic reaction to an allergen is referred to asanaphylaxisThe excessive response to a relatively harmless antigen can cause harm to some people is referred to as:hypersensitivityWhich of the following cells is responsible fore releasing histamine during an allergic reaction?mast cellsThe inability to distinguish between self cells and non-self cells may lead to:autoimmune diseasesWhich antibody is produced in an allergic reaction?IgEWhat substance is present in an EpiPen that can counteract an anaphylactic reaction?AdrenalineThe main chemical mediator in hypersensitivity is:histamineWhich of the following cells is responsible for releasing IgE antibodies during an allergic reaction?b cellsAn autoimmune disorder develops due to the immune system no longer able to recognise:self-antigensThe initial priming of the immune system against an allergen involves IgE antibodies attaching to:mast cellsWhich of the following is an event in the Acute Inflammatory Response?increased capillary permeability leading to swelling and pain.The innate defence system is always prepared to protect the body:from all foreign substancesThe main phagocytic cells in the body are:macrophages and neutrophils.The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called:chemotaxisParenteral administration of a drug could be:intravenous or transdermalThe therapeutic index of a drug is:the minimum effective and maximum tolerable rangeMultiple medications taken at the same time is termed:polypharmacyAntihistamines are examples of antagonist drugs. These act by:preventing receptor activationA major difference between procaryotic cells and fungal cells is:fungal cells possess a true nucleus and procaryotic cells do not.Bacterial cell wall is made up of a sugar called:peptidoglycanWhich of the following has a cell wall as a characteristic feature of its cell?bacteriaThe scientist famous for treating surgical wounds with carbonic acid and developing surgical technique as a method of reducing infections was:Joseph ListerA spherically shaped procaryote is called a:coccusPortals of entry are:areas of the body from which pathogens are able to enter.A fomite is:an inanimate object that can harbor pathogensIn the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:the process by which microorganisms are transfered from a reservoir or source to a susceptible host.A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is:vector transmissionPortals of exit are:areas of the body from which pathogens are shed.