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NS STRUCTURE & FUNCTION + CEREBRAL & SPINAL CORD

Terms in this set (66)

In the human brain, rostral refers to?
Anterior
In the human brain, ventral refers to?
Inferior
In the human brain, dorsal refers to?
Superior
In the human brain, caudal refers to?
Posterior
In the brainstem & spinal cord, rostral means?
Towards the brain
In the brainstem & spinal cord, caudal means?
Towards the tail
In the brainstem & spinal cord, dorsal means?
Posterior
In the brainstem & spinal cord, ventral means?
Anterior
True or False. There are more neurons than neuroglia in the NS.
True. 86.1 +/- 8.1 billion neurons and 84.6 +/- 9.8 billion neuroglia.
PNS includes _______, _________, ________________ & ___________________.
Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, enteric plexuses in the small intestine & sensory receptors in the skin.
Perikaryon is?
The cell body containing the nucleus
In the cell body of an axon, there are large numbers of _______________ , as well as free and fixed ______________.
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Axoplasm
Cytoplasm of axon, contains neurotubules, neurofibrils, enzymes, organelles.
Axolemma
Specialised cell membrane, covers the axoplasm
Initial segment
Attaches to axon hillock
Telodendria
Fine extensions of distal axon
Synaptic terminals
Tips of axons
Synapse
Area where neutron communicates with another cell, muscle / gland
How wide is the synaptic cleft?
20 x 10^-9 m
Astrocytes
Blood-brain barrier (produces chemicals that promote tight junctions)
Regulates brain fluid composition
Ependymal cells line brain __________ & the __________ __________ of the spinal cord.
Ventricles
Central canal
Ependymal cells form __________ __________, which secretes _______________________ fluid.
Choroid plexus
Cerebrospinal fluid
Oligodendrocytes myelinate a _________ segment of ________________ axons.
Single
Numerous
Microglia are macrophages of the ______.
CNS
Schwann cells myelinate a __________ segment of __________ axon.
Single
Single
The primary motor cortex is part of the ____________ lobe.
Frontal
Voluntary control of skeletal muscles occur in the __________ _______ _________.
Primary motor cortex
The primary sensory cortex is part of the _____________ lobe.
Parietal
Conscious perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste & temperature occur in the __________ ____________ __________.
Primary sensory cortex
Which lobe is responsible for the conscious perception of visual stimuli? The ___________ cortex is here.
Occipital lobe
Visual
Which lobe is responsible for the conscious perception of auditory & olfactory stimuli? The ___________ ____________ cortex is here.
Temporal
Auditory & olfactory
The precentral gyrus is part of the __________ lobe.
Frontal
The post central gyrus is part of the ___________ _______________ cortex. It is the somatic sensory association area.
Primary sensory
The premotor cortex is the somatic ________ association area.
Motor
Association areas are?
Regions of the cortex that interpret incoming data / coordinate a motor response.
The two large multimodal areas (areas that receive sensory input from multiple different sensory modalities and various association areas) are?
Prefrontal cortex & parietal cortex
Premotor cortex coordinates ____________ movements.
Learned
Features of the frontal lobe include the premotor cortex, primary motor cortex and precentral gyrus. What are they responsible for?
Motor planning & execution. The premotor cortex coordinates learned movements.
The executive function of the prefrontal cortex is?
Decision making, reasoning, personality, social skills etc.
The medial temporal lobe contains the __________________ which is critical for ____________ formation.
Hippocampus, memory
The gustatory cortex is part of the ________ cortex. It receives information from _________ receptors of the tongue & pharynx.
Insula, taste
The insula cortex is believed to play a role in diverse functions linked to __________ or regulation of body _______________.
Emotion, homeostasis
The two types of association fibres in the white matter of the cerebrum are ____________ fibres and _________________ ______________.
Arcuate
Longitudinal fasciculi
__________ fibres are short and connect _________ within a lobe
Gyri
Longitudinal fasciculi connect the ___________ lobe with other lobes in the same hemisphere
Frontal
Association fibres interconnect cortical areas within the _______ hemisphere.
Same
Commissures interconnect & permit communication between cerebral __________________. The two types of commissures are ________ ____________ & __________ commissure.
Hemispheres, corpus callosum, anterior
Projection fibres connect the ____________ _________ to diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum & spinal cord.
Cerebral cortex
Infoldings of the dura include the _______ cerebri & ______________ cerebelli. They separate brain regions from each other.
Falx, tentorium
Meninges are coverings of the ________ & _________ _______.
Brain, spinal cord
Subarachnoid space is located between arachnoid and pial dura. True or False.
True
____________________ space contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Subarachnoid
The dorsal groove is known as the posterior _________ _________.
Median sulcus
The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to rostral edge of ______.
L2
The spinal cord is 45cm long and ____ mm wide.
14
Filum terminale ligament is fibrous tissue at the end of ______ __________ that attaches to coccygeal ligament.
conus medullaris
Cauda equina are nerve roots extending below _______ _____________.
conus medullaris
Ventral root contains axons of _________ neurons.
Motor
Dorsal root ganglion contain ______ __________ of sensory neurons
Cell bodies
The _______________ space is an anaesthetic injection site. It is between the _______ and walls of the vertebral canal.
Epidural, dura
Epineurium wraps around a _________. Perineurium wraps around a ___________. Endoneurium wraps around an _________.
nerve, fascicle, axon
There are ____ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves.
12, 31
Ganglion
A collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
Plexus eg. cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral
Extensive network of axons & sometimes neutron cell bodies located outside the CNS
Bundles of axons in the CNS are called _________.
Tracts
Bundles of axons in the PNS are called _________.
Nerves
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