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Physical Education SAC 1

Terms in this set (110)

all or nothing principle
Where all fibres in the motor unit contract at the same time and as forcefully as possible
1st term of all or nothing
By varying the number of motor neurone stimulated, nerve impulses are sent to activate the motor units and contract more fibres
2nd term of all or nothing
By varying the frequency at which the impulses arrive at the motor unit, a larger degree of power is required, then impulses will be sent at a faster rate to the muscles
Synaptic cleft
The narrow gap that separates the axon terminal and the postsynaptic cell
Acetylcholine (ACh)
a neurotransmitter that is realised when calcium is within the axon terminal
How a motor neuron stimulates a muscle fibre
carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and ultimately bring about voluntary muscle movement
unipennate muscle
all the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon
bipennate muscle
forms an angle with a tendon; do not move as far as parallel; contains more myofibrils than parallel muscles; develop more tension than parallel muscles; fibers on both sides of tendon; ex: rectus femoris
multipennate muscle
-has branches of the tendon within the muscle
-deltoid
Dorsiflexion
Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
Circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end
Rotation
CIRCULAR MOVEMENT AROUND AN AXIS
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement toward the midline of the body
coronal plane (frontal plane)
vertical division of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
saggital plane
is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
roles of the skeletal system
Provides support, protects internal organs, allows your body to move, stores and produces materials that your body needs and produces red blood cells
synovial joints
freely movable joints
Hindge joint
allows you to only flex and extend
gliding joint
allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles
saddle joint
have an opposing surface that are reciprocally concave -conve, allows circumduction, adduction, abduction, flexion and extension - thumb
isometric contraction
Muscle contracts but there is no movement, muscle stays the same length while force is being developed
isoinertial contraction
occurs whenever the muscle length changes through a range of motion or action
concentric contraction
where the muscle shortens during the contraction
eccentric contraction
when muscle lengthens as force is developed
reciprocal inhibition
Where a pair of muscles work together in a relationship, where one works, becoming the agonist and the other resting, being the antagonist
isokenetic contraction
where maximal tension is developed throughout the entire range of motion, a cybex is used to complete the contraction
fiborous joints
joints that are immovable or fixed, sell, pelvis, sternum
synergist muscle
helpers of prime mover, muscles working together
Stabiliser Muscles
Muscles that act a joint to stabilise it, performing very little movement.
cartilaginous joints
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
What is the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion scale
Perceived exertion is a subjective measure ( on a scale of 6 to 20 ) of how hard you feel you are exercising and is based on your feelings of increased heart rate, breathing, chest tightness, sweating, fatigue, muscles soreness, stress and effort.
slow twitch fibers
red muscle fibers that are slow to contract but have the ability to continue contracting for long periods of time and they have small muscle fibre sizes low force production.
fast twitch fibres (type II)
muscle fibres that contract rapidly and generate a great amount of force, but fatigue more quickly than slow-twitch fibres very high amount of force produced
fast twitch fibres
muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fatigue quickly, high amounts of force production
vasodilation
A widening of the diameter of a blood vessel.
vasoconstriction
Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial blood vessels.
inactivity
people undertaking 'insufficient' physical activity to achieve measurable health outcomes.
Incidental physical activity
any activity that builds up in small amounts during the day, such as housework and walking for transport.
5-12 year old sedentary guidelines
- no more than 2 hours of electronic media used for entertainment
- break up long periods of sitting as often as possible
the talk test
A simple test to measure relative intensity. In general if you can talk comfortably while being active, you are working at a light or moderate intensity. If you can't talk comfortably, you are likely to be performing vigorous intensity
MET
metabolic equivalent task
what does 1 MET represent
The energy you expend while at resting levels
minute ventilation
The volume of air moved through the lungs in 1 minute minus the dead space; calculated by tidal volume X respiratory rate; also referred to as minute volume.
tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
stroke volume
The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction.
respiratory rate
number of breaths per minute
best method to determine physical activity intensity
heart rate
health risks associated with inactivity
type 2 diabetes and obesity
factors affecting participation rates
disability, age, gender, socio-economic status and ethnicity
domains of physical activity, active transport
Physical activity which is performed regularly as part of a person's work duties/occupation
domains of physical activity, occupational
Any form of human-powered transport to get to and from work, school or specific destinations.
domains of physical activity, leisure
Activity over and above that which occurs within the workplace or a school.
domains of physical activity, household/gardening
Chores which completed around the house and garden are an important source of physical activity.
inactivity
people undertaking 'insufficient' physical activity to achieve measurable health outcomes.
incidental physical activity
any activity that builds up in small amounts during the day, such as housework and walking for transport.
sedentary guidelines of 5-12 year olds
break up long periods of sitting as often as possible, no more than 2 hours a day for leisurely reasons
sedentary guidelines of 18-64 year olds
Minimise the amount of time spent in prolonged sitting.
Break up long periods of sitting as often as possible.
S in SMARTER
specific
M in SMARTER
measurable
A in SMARTER
acceptable
first R in SMARTER
realistic
T in SMARTER
time phased (timely)
E in SMARTER
exciting
last R in SMARTER
Recorded
Benefits of settings goals
Goal setting may relate to the physical activity guidelines, improve a particular fitness component.
The talk test
a simple test to measure relative intensity. In general if you can talk comfortably while being active, you are working at a light or moderate intensity. If you can't talk comfortably, you are likely to be performing vigorous intensity
What does MET stand for?
metabolic equivalent tasks
What 1 MET represents
the energy you use while you're at resting levels
Low intensity in MET's
1.7-2.9 METS
Moderate intensity in MET's
3-6 METS
Vigorous intensity in MET's
7+ METS
Emotional benefits of physical activity
· Increasing endorphins
· Decreasing stress
· Decreasing feelings of anxiety and depressive symptoms
· Improving mood.
Social benefits of physical activity
· Enhance engagement
· Enhanced interaction with the community
· Increase sense of belonging and attachment
· Enhance social networks
· Decrease social isolation.
Physical benefits of physical activity
· Improved cardiovascular function
· Improved muscular strength and endurance
· Increased energy levels
· Reduced risk of heart attack
· Increased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Mental benefits of physical activity
· Greater self-esteem
· Lower levels of anxiety
· Improved brain function
· Improved concentration
· Improved neuroplasticity of the brain.
Environmental benefits of physical activity
- more people utilising active transport, therefore resulting in decrease of greenhouse emissions from motor vehicles
- reduced air pollution
health risks associated with obesity
increased risk of stoke, heart disease and type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure (hypertension)
Hypertension
the abnormally high pressure of blood against the arterial walls
blood plasma
55% of blood composition. The pale yellow fluid portion of whole blood that consists of water and its dissolved constituents including, sugars, lipids, metabolic waste products, amino acids, hormones, and vitamins.
a-VO2 difference
is the comparison of the concentration of oxygen in the arterial blood when compared to the concentration of oxygen in the venous blood
arteries
are large blood vessels with thick walls that carry large volumes of blood away from the heart
capillaries
tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body
veins
much less elastic and contain pocket valves that prevent back flow of venous return
systolic pressure
the pressure recoded during the contraction phase of the heart cycle
diastolic pressure
the pressure recorded during the relaxation phase of the heart cycle
Tendon
Connects muscle to bone
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Osteoporosis
a disease that occurs as bones loose calcium and other minerals, making them fragile and more susceptible to fractures
arthritis
a muscular skeletal disorder that involves the inflammation of one or more joints
osteoarthritis
the degeneration of a joint where a persons cartilage begins to break down and wear away
rheumatoid arthritis
considered as a autoimmune disease, when our bodies immune system attacks the healthy tissues, in this case the synovial membrane
Creatine supplement
improves aerobic athletes explosive power in their performance
protein supplement
essential part of a balanced diet and has various benefits; promotion of glycogen synthesis, improve function of immune system and maintain iron levels
anabolic steroids
maximises the anabolic properties of testosterone - like growth of muscle and bone
pulmonary diffusion
exchange of gas molecules (oxygen and carbon dioxide) from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
EPOC
excessive post-exercise oxygen consumption
oxygen deficit
the period of the start of exercise where oxygen supply isn't meeting the oxygen demand. during this stage energy is produced via the aerobic pathways
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
healthy cholesterol level
5.5mmol/L and 2mmol/L for a person who smokes, high blood pressure or pre-existing hear diseases
sociocultural influence on p.a - culture
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sociocultural influence on p.a - geographic status
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BMI
A measuring tool used to indicate an individual's classification of weight according to the World Health Organisation (who). It compares your weight to your height, and is calculated by dividing your weight (in kilograms) by your height (in centimetres squared). The result will give a range between 'underweight', 'healthy weight', 'overweight' or 'obese' for an adult man and woman.
YPAP (youth physical activity promotion model)
A socio-ecological model that considers individual and environmental factors that potentially impact on physical activity behaviours
Enabling biological factors or p.a
· High level fitness
· Medium level skill
Enables environmental factors of p.a
· Access to local leisure center
· Access to gym, pool, squash and tennis courts
· Access to school sporting equipment and facilities.
contemporary issues in p.a and sport
· Gender equity
· People with disabilities
· Cultural diversity and inclusion
· Risk management and safety
· Professionalism in sport
· Declining levels of physical activity and/or sport
· Sport in society
· Children in sport
· Active transport.
reinforcing factors
· Parents: providing access to local leisure center.
· Parents: encouragement to participate in sports - especially swimming, squash and tennis.
· Social influences: associated with the leisure center.
· Physical education teacher: providing active opportunities.
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