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Physical Education (Unit 3)

Terms in this set (93)

Gross motor skills
A skill that involves the recruitment of large muscles
Fine motor skills
A skill that involves the recruitment of smaller muscles for precision
Discrete motor skills
A skill that has a distinct beginning and end
Serial motor skills
The combination of several discrete skills performed in a sequence
Continuous motor skills
Skill that has no obvious beginning or end point
Open motor skill
A skill where the performer has least control over their environment
Closed motor skills
A skills where the performer has greatest control over their environment
Skill continuum
It is impossible to distinguish when a performer moves from one stage to the next, it is viewed on a continuum
Fundamental motor skills
Are the foundation skills that provide the basis for the development for more sport-specific movement skills
Stages of learning
Cognitive, associative, autonomous
Cognitive stage
The learner is mentally trying to comprehend the movement requirements of the motor skill. Their attention will be on movement production and their performance will be inconsistent, with stiff and unrelaxed movements
Associative stage
Also termed the 'practice stage' the performer is beginning to refine their technique/movement pattern. They are more consistent and make fewer errors.
Autonomous stage
The highest stage of learning, where actions become automatic and seem to require little thought
individual constraints
constraints that are internal to the athlete e.g. height, body size, motivation levels, anxiety, attention
task constraints
constraints that relate to the task requirements of an activity e.g. rules of the age, playing size, equipment
environmental constraints
constraints that are external to the individual e.g weather, noise, peers, cultural beliefs, family influences
Distributed practice
Practice that is spread out over frequent short sessions
Massed practice
Practice that is bunched together, longer sessions, but less often
Blocked practice
Repetitively practising a skill for a period of time before practicing another skill
Random practice
Varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training session
Intrinsic feedback
Feedback from the performer's own senses; the internal information received by an athlete based on the outcome of a particular movement or series of actions
Proprioception
Sensory information relayed within the muscle
Augmented / extrinsic feedback
Can greatly enhance a performer's own internal feedback system. Can occur during (concurrent) or after a performance
Knowledge of results
Refers to specific feedback about the outcome of the task, as opposed to feedback relating to performance characteristics.
Knowledge or performance
Relates to the characteristics of performing a task, as opposed to the specific outcome of the task, generally given after the task has been completed
Direct coaching
Is a rigid approach and provides feedback on every practice attempt which limits the learner to go searching for their own movement solutions
Constraints (coaching)
Are boundaries that shape a learner's self-organising movement patterns, cognition and decision-making processes. They influence the way performers process information, make decisions and ultimately move (individual, task, environment)
Perceived competence / confidence
A psychological construct based on self-evaluation of one's effectiveness or capability in a specific context
Qualitative analysis
Description of the quality of human movement without the use of numbers- preparation, observation, evaluation, error correction
Quantitative analysis
Analysis of human movement involving the use of numbers
Biomechanics
The science of studying living things from a mechanical perspective
Force
A push or pull acting on an object
Friction
A force that acts in the opposite direction to motion when two surfaces are in contact with one another
Mass
The amount of matter that makes up an object
Weight
The measure of gravitational force acting on a body (w=mass x force of gravity)
Momentum
The motion possessed by a moving body (momentum = mass x velocity)
Inertia
The tendency of an object to resist change in its state of motion
acceleration
increase in the rate or speed of an object or person (a= final velocity - initial velocity/ time
Summation of momentum
The sequential and coordinated movement of each body segment to produce maximum velocity
summation of conservation
force is not lost just transferred
Impulse
The product of a force and the time period over which it is applied, which is equal to the change in momentum of an object (I= force x time)
Angular momentum
The quantity of angular motion of an object
Moment of inertia
The resistance of an object to changes in its angular motion
Distance
The path travelled by a body from point A to point B
Displacement
A change in the position of a body from initial to final position
Linear motion
Movement of the body where all parts move in the same direction at the same time along a line
Angular motion
Movement of a body part around an axis of rotation
Projectile motion
The movement of an object through the air
velocity of release
the most important factor when trying to maximise the horizontal distance a projectile will travel
angle of release
the angle the object is projected into the air and will depend on sport
height of release
when the velocity or release and the angle of release remain constant a projectile released from higher will travel further as it has a longer flight time
first class lever
the axis is in the middle of the force and resistance (FAR) like a seesaw (head and neck movements)
second class levers
the resistance is in the middle of the axis and force (ARF) like a wheelbarrow (like a calf raise, axis = toes, resistance = ankle, force= calf)
third class lever
the force is in the middle of the axis and resistance (AFR) like a fishing rod (most skills consist of this such as a bicep curls, kicking a ball, etc.)
Speed
Distance divided by a change in time (speed = distance / time)
Velocity
Displacement divided by the change in time e.g. the speed at which a weight is lifted (v=displacement / time)
Torque
The turning effect caused by applying an eccentric force
Eccentric force
A force applied at a perpendicular distance from the centre of gravity of an object
Angular displacement
The difference between the initial and final angular position of a rotating body
Angular speed
The angular distance travelled divided by the time taken to cover the distance
Angular velocity
The rate of change of angular displacement over time
Angular acceleration
The rate of change of angular velocity
Angular distance
The total of all angular changes of a rotating body
Projectile
An airborne body that is only affected by the forces of gravity and air resistance
Lever
A simple machine consisting of s rigid bar that can be made to rotate around an axis
Axis / fulcrum
Pivot point
Resistance / weight
things wanted to be move/ lifted
Force / effort
muscles being used to move the resistance/weight
Mechanical advantage
The ratio of the force arm to the resistance arm (>1 = less force or effort required to move resistance (ideal for heave weights) (<1= allows an increase speed of lever (all 3rd class levers have a mechanical advantage less than 1)
First law of angular motion
The angular momentum of a body remains constant unless acted upon by an external torque
Second law of angular motion
A torque applied to an object will produce a change in angular motion in the direction of the applied torque that is directly proportional to the size of the torque and inversely proportional to the moment of inertia of the object
Third law of angular motion
For every torque there is an equal and opposite torque
Newton's first law
A body will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force
Newton's second law
A force applied to an object will produce a change in motion (acceleration) in the direction of the applied force that is directly proportional to the size of the force
Newton's third law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
a chemical compound made up of adenosine and three phosphate molecules: energy released by the breakdown of ATP enables cellular function and muscular movement
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
a chemical compound made up of adenosine and two phosphate molecules
Phosphocreatine (PC)
a chemical fuel consisting of a bound phosphate and creatine molecule stored in muscles and split rapidly to rebuild ATP during explosive activities
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glycogen, either aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen)
Aerobic
with oxygen
Anaerobic
in the absence of oxygen
Carbohydrate loading
the practice of increasing carbohydrate stores within the muscles and body by increasing carbohydrate intake and tapering training in the time (up to 10 days) leading up to major competition
Glycaemic index (GI)
an index that ranks foods on a scale of 0 to 100, according to how much they raise blood sugar over a two-hour period, compared to pure glycogen
Oxidation
the breakdown of fats or glycogen to CO2 and H20 with ATP production in the presence of oxygen
Glycogen sparing
a long-term adaptation (resulting from aerobic training) that allows fats to be used more readily and earlier during performances: this results in less use of the lactic acid system and allows glycogen to be used much later in performances
Mitochondria
parts of a cell: the sites of aerobic respiration in muscles
Interplay
a situation where all three energy systems contribute to ATP production, with one system being the major ATP producer at any time
VO2 max
the maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken up, transported and utilized per minute
Lactate inflection point (LIP)
the exercise intensity beyond which lactate production exceeds, removal, sometimes referred to as the lactate threshold
Steady state
when the body is able to supply sufficient oxygen to the oxygen demands
Oxygen deficit
temporary shortage of oxygen in cells, typically at the start of exercise where oxygen demands are greater than the body's ability to supply the necessary levels
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
EPOC is a measurable increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity
lactate tolerance
when metabolic by products exceed LIP resulting in the athlete needing to decrease intensity
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...