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Food and Nutrition

Terms in this set (87)

Define Nutrition consumer market
Market specifically focusing on nutrient content of foods that aim to assist the nutritional status of the consumer e.g. low salt, low fat, and high fibre
List the nutrition requirements for the elderly and their recommended serving size for each food group
- Elderly need 20% more protein than young adults (Male - 81g/day, female - 57g/day)
- More calcium to regulate muscle and heart function, prevent osteoporosis, maintain bone and teeth strength (Male and female - 1300gm/day).
- water as dehydration causes decline in kidney function, decline in cognitive function, falls, strokes and works with dietary fibre to prevent constipation (Male - 2.6L/day, 2.1L/day.
- 2 fruit and 5 vegetables a day in particular green leafy vegetables, phytochemicals, and berries. Consider tinned or frozen fruit and vege for elderly.
- Carbohydrates help with bowel functioning and avoid constipation. Consider milled wholegrains for elderly (chewing is a problem).
Current problems with the elderly market at the moment (do we need to know this?)
- Have reduced mobility (can lead to isolation therefore, lack of access to nutritious foods)
- Poverty (lack of money can lead to insufficient or poorer quality food).
- Illness (higher risk of food borne illness therefore avoid soft cheeses, prepared sandwiches and salads. Depression can also lead to lack of desire to look after health).
Foods that the elderly need to:
- avoid
- have a lot of
Limited intake of foods and drinks containing fat, added sugars and alcohol, and discretionary foods.

Elderly need more of calcium and protein.
More nutrient dense foods.
Define health conscious market
Consumer market focused on health related, natural, unprocessed foods, including fresh, locally grown produce, eggs, poultry and meat.
What are the concerns of the health conscious market?
- Eating more fresh fruits and vegetables (40%)
- Smaller portion sizes (31%)
- Reducing sugar (24%)
- Eating healthier snacks (23%)
- reducing fat (23%)
- made in Australia and foods grown locally.
Nutritional benefits of almonds (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
- Good for heart health
- 72% monounsaturated, 20% polyunsaturated, 8% saturated
- rich source of vitamin E, fibre, calcium, B vitamins and magnesium.
- Good source of protein (20%)
Nutritional benefits of BARLEYmax (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
- low GI
- excellent source of 3 components of fibre (soluble, insoluble, and resistant starch)
- maintains blood glucose levels.
- good source of protein and B vitamins
Nutritional benefits of blueberries (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
- Low GI
- Low in kJ
- rich in antioxidants that can slow down the aging of the brain
- boosts memory and brain function as we age
- nutrient dense
- source of fibre, vitamins and some minerals
- therefore, good for old people.
Nutritional benefits of cabbage (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
- low kJ
- 2 x daily requirement of vitamin C per serve
- rich in many vitamins and minerals such as iron and calcium.
- reduces risk of colon cancer
- high in fibre
- can lower cholesterol
- bulk, filling - appetite control
Nutritional benefits of chillies (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
- excellent source of vitamin C
- high in fibre
- raise metabolic rate
- warm you up
- good for dieters
Nutritional benefits of cinnamon (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
- lowers blood sugar levels in diabetics (1/2 teaspoon per day)
- may increase cholesterol
Nutritional benefits of eggs (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
- high in protein (355kJ)
- contains every vitamin except C, including B12 (hard to obtain on vegetarian diets) and folate.
- 6g fat, <2g saturated fat (less than)
Nutritional benefits of garlic (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
- antibacterial, antiviral qualities (slows growth).
- low kJ
- may help lower LDL cholesterol and blood pressure.
Nutritional benefits of green leafy herbs (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
- rich source of minerals like potassium and magnesium
- includes small amounts of iron and calcium
- ..........
Nutritional benefits of lamb (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of linseeds (flaxseeds) (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of lupin (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of mushrooms (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of oats (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of oranges (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of salmon (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of spinach, silverbeet, and green leafy vegetables (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of tea (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of wheatgerm (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Nutritional benefits of yoghurt (possible food components to include in formulation/reformulation for the Health conscious consumer market).
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Fitness focused characteristics and considerations
- amount of extra nutrients and each food group needed depending on the type of sport, timing, frequency, and intensity of training.

- low GI foods for slow released energy.
Nutrition requirements for the fitness focused market
More kJ from
- low GI carbohydrates
- and protein for muscle building.

- vitamins and minerals
- water
Fitness focused carbohydrates information
- wholegrain and wholemeal cereals are best
- adjust intake of CHOs depending on amount/level of activity.
- Endurance athletes need to eat a pre-event meal high in CHOs
- smaller CHO based snack 1-2 hours prior to the event.
- low GI CHOs good for endurance events >1 hour 30-60g per hour to delay muscle fatigue.
- >4 hours 90g of low GI CHO
- post activity meal important to aid recovery moderate to high GI.
Fitness focused protein information
- protein and physical activity work together to maintain muscle health.
- muscle health is important for heart, immune and bone health.
- Having protein at every meal across the day makes it easier for the body to use protein and optimize the benefits of physical activity.
- avoid over consumption as it can be expensive, cause weight gain and a lack of other nutrients.
- protein supplements - seek medical advice.
Fitness focused vitamins and minerals information
- healthy, balanced diet should meet needs.
- caution is advised regarding nutritional supplements.
Fitness focused water information
- should be consumed at regular intervals, not just takes when thirsty.
- the longer the activity, the more water and frequency.
- Hot climates and prolonged activity may require salt to be replaced.
- sports drinks with 300mmol/L are suitable (endurance and extreme sport)
What are the characteristics and concerns for pregnant women
- Eating for two, not for you (eating more food than normal???).
- constipation is an issue with pregnancy. So increase fibre and water to lessen the issue.
- extra calcium required to build bone
- No alcohol
- adequate iron and vitamin C
- cut back on caffeine as it affects the heart rate of the baby.
- brain food
- mercury - too much of it affects foetal development e.g. tuna, swordfish.
- reducing the risk of listeria by avoiding soft cheeses like brie, unpasteurized milk, sushi (raw fish), deli meats, pate, prepared salads. This is because the baby is highly susceptible to listeria bacteria and leads to miscarriage and foetal death.
Health benefits of vegetarianism
- less likely to suffer heart disease
- less likely to suffer from cancer, notably bowel, breats and lung
- lower blood pressure
- healthy body weight
- lower risk of type 2 diabetes
- positive health profile is attributed to less saturated fats, less nitrites from processed meats, more fiber and phytochemicals (from nuts, grains, pulses, fruits and vegetables).

probs not
Nutrition requirements for vegetarianism
- protein - ensuring all of the essential amino acids are obtained.
- iron - there are often iron deficiencies in vegetarians/vegans. Eggs are a good source.
- calcium
- zinc
- vitamin B12
- omega 3 fats
- vitamin D
vegetarianism protein information
- soy and quinoa are the only complete plant sources of protein.
- careful combinations of plant proteins to ensure all of the essential amino acids are obtained.
- Lacto-ovo vegetarians can obtain complete protein from eggs, and milk.
Vegetarianism iron information
- iron deficiency anaemia is a common nutrition problem.
- less than 5% of plant iron is absorbed (20% in meat)
- plant iron is non-haem, needs vitamin C to aid absorption.
- eggs are a good source of haem (easily absorbed) iron
vegetarianism calcium information
- calcium is critical for children and pregnant women
- vegetarians who consume milk, yoghurt and cheese will be fine.
- vegan sources - plant milks fortified with calcium (120mg/100mL), green leafy vegetables, tahini, almonds,
vegetarianism zinc information
- vital for enzyme function and immune system.
- vegetarian sources - wholemeal and grain breads, wholegrain breakfast cereals, legumes and nuts
vegetarianism vitamin B12 information
- strict vegan diets lack vitamin B12.
- B12 is essential for healthy red blood cells DNA materials and nerve tissues.
- may become depleted overtime (+3 years).
- supplement or fortified products may be necessary for some types of vegetarians.
vegetarianism omega 3 fats information
- vegans consuming no animal foods at all may miss out on valuable omega 3.
- vegetarian sources of omega 3 include linseeds, hemp seeds, omega 3 enriched products.
vegetarianism vitamin D information
- supplementation may be necessary for vegetarians who do not see sunlight.
How can people with obesity lose weight?
1. Downsize portions
2. plan meals with nutrition in mind
3. make water your main beverage
4. slow down
5. spread over the day
6. try to never skip meals
7. eliminate the junk
8. limit alcohol intake
9. steer clear of takeaways
10. keep a diary
11. keep track of your thoughts
12. avoid fad diets
What do you need to look out for when you have diabetes
- good quality unrefined carbohydrates - GI ranks carbohydrates according to their effect on blood glucose levels. The lower the GI the slower the rise in blood glucose levels will be when the food is consumed. It is recommended that people with diabetes have moderate amounts of carbohydrates and include high fiber foods that also have a low GI. Research shows that eating a diet with a lower GI, people with diabetes can deduce their average blood glucose levels. This is important in reducing the risk of developing diabetes related complications.
- no simple sugars
- low sat fat
Healthy eating guidelines for diabetes
- eat regularly - steady supply of glucose to muscle and organs.
- maintain a healthy weight - if necessary lose weight, especially around the midriff.
- eat food low in saturated fats
- choose healthy fats
- fill up on fibre
- chose better carbs that are slowly absorbed (low GI). They demand less insulin.
- ................
Examples of low GI foods
- soy products
- beans
- fruit
- milk
- pasta
- grainy bread
- porridge (oats)
- lentils
- nuts
examples of moderate GI foods
- orange juice
- honey
- basmati rice
- wholemeal bread
Examples of high GI foods
- potatoes
- white bread
- short grain rice.
What is coronary heart disease?
Hardening of the arteries from the accumulation of soft fatty streaks along the inner arterial walls. This causes plaque build up which narrows the artery and leads to high blood pressure. This the causes heart attacks and strokes.
Cononary heart disease concerns and characteristics
- saturated fat
- salt (look at sodium content).
How to improve a diet for someone with cornary heart disease
- consume plant sterols - reduces cholesterol reabsorption
- add fibre - fights against cholesterol
- drink tea - tea instead of coffee can inhibit cholesterol reabsorption
- eat more oats - contain soluble fibre called beta-glucan which can lower blood cholesterol
- eat more oily fish - contains omega 3 fatty acids which can lower bad cholesterol (LDL) and increase the good cholesterol (HDL).
- snack on nuts - such as almonds and walnuts which contain fibre, plant sterols and heart friendly fats.
- use the good oils - cook with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils
- eat more vegetables and fruits - filling and can manage cholesterol levels and weight
- say no to junk food - tends to contain more saturated and transfats.
- increase consumption of legumes - good alternative to animal proteins which are high in saturated fats.
What causes diet related cancers? What helps reduce the risk of diet related cancers?
- consuming alcohol
- consuming processed meat
- consuming fats and animal fats

- Consuming more than 1 serve of dairy per day
- consuming fruit and vegetables (especially cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli and bok choy).
- consuming monounsaturated fats
- consuming grains.
Define formulation
putting together food components in appropriate ratios or structures according to a formulation or recipe. It includes limits on raw materials, limits on processing, materials, specific methods to be used and costing.
Define reformulation
formulate a mixture of ingredients in a different way; to alter or revise.
What does a diet increased in salt cause?
- increases blood pressure which can increase the risk of CVD (??????) and renal disease.
Alternative food components to replace salt
- low sodium salts
- Herbs (basil, rosemary, chives, coriander, thyme)
- Spices (chilli, garlic, paprika, curry).
- citrus fruits
- vinegar
- sundried tomatoes
- mustard
- lower salt cheese options (ricotta, mozzarella, cottage, swiss).
- celery, vegetable and garlic salt (70% salt)
Strategies for reducing salt in the diet
1. Salt reduced foods and no salt
2. Eliminate/limit salty foods like pretzels, olives, anchovies, corn chips, etc...
3. gradually add less salt to salt shakers.
4. Reduce added salt to cooking
5. use an alternative food to replace salt.
Name some examples of saturated fats
- butter
- lard
- meat (with fat on)
- cheese
- cream
- chicken skin
- ice cream
- coconut oil
- palm oil
Name some examples of polyunsaturated fats
safflower oil
corn oil
soybean oil
sunflower oil
fish e.g. salmon, tuna, mackeral
linseeds
sunflower seeds
pine nuts
walnuts
polyunsaturated margarines
chia seeds
name some examples of monounsaturated fats
olive oil
peanut oil
avocado oil
avocado
almonds
hazelnuts
pecans
margarine spreads such as olive and canola oil
Alternative food components for saturated fats
- polyunsaturated fats
- monounsaturated fats
- greek yoghurt instead of cream
- reduced fat dairy instead of milk, cream and cheese
- avocado instead of butter
- plant sterols like oats or barely
- consider cooking technique like deep frying.
ways to reduce saturated fat
- limiting intake of foods high in saturated fats
- replacing high fat foods that contain mostly saturated fats with foods that contain healthy polyunsaturated and monounsaturated alternatives.
- consider portion size
- surface area and cooking technique
Ways to reduce sugar or alternatives to sugar
- stevia - contains no kJ
- monk fruit
- coconut sugar
- CSR Smart White Sugar Blend
- Rice malt syrup - high GI 98, vegan replacement for honey.
- Fresh or frozen fruit as a natural alternative to sugar or syrups
- Added natural flavouring that enhance the sensory property of flavour - cinnamon, vanilla, orange, lemon, mint, berries, essences
What is meant by the terms "added sugar" and "naturally occurring sugars"
added sugar is when cane sugar is added to a product e.g. biscuit formulation or tea.
naturally occurring sugars are in the food like fruit, milk, honey (but still not great for you) and to an extend meat.
FSANZ
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Components of the nutrient profiling scoring criteria (food labelling)
1. name and description of food
2. ID of packaging premises, batch lot and job lot
3. name and address of the manufacturer
4. information for allergy sufferers - mandatory warning statement
5. ingredients list
6. date marking (used by or best before)
7. nutrition and health related claims
8. nutrition information panel
9. characterizing ingredient or percentage labelling
10. directions for use and storage
11. country of origin
12. weight and measure of contents
What is nutrient profiling
Nutrient profiling is the science of classifying or ranking foods according to their nutritional composition for reasons related to preventing disease and promoting health.
What information does the nutrition profiling scoring criteria provide?
It determines whether a food is suitable to make a health claim based on its nutrient profile.
How does the nutrition profiling scoring criteria work? - do we need to know this
The NPSC is applied to individual foods. A score is determined based on the energy (kJ), saturated fat, sodium, and sugars content of the food along with certain ingredients such as fruit and vegetables and, in some instances, dietary fibre and protein.
NPSC categories
category 1 - beverages (final score <1)
category 2 - all foods except those in category 3 (final score <4)
category 3 - cheese with more than 320mg/100g of calcium, edible oil, margarine, oil spread or butter (final score <28)
Emerging nutritional food trends............... do we need to know this?
- snacking is a big trend
- probiotics
How to identify a healthy snack...
A healthy snack has:
- less than 600kJ per serve
- less than 3g of sat fat per serve
- less than 200mg of sodium per serve
- less than 15g of sugar per serve
What are the heath benefits of probiotics?
1. provides substances to make your internal environment unwelcoming for harmful microbes such as salmonella.
2. Prevents unwanted microbes and toxins from entering the gut barrier.
3. enhances immune response.
4. promotes fluid and electrolyte uptake
5. produces vitamins
6. Shortens episodes of diarrhoea
8. Aids digestion
9. Regulates bowel movements & eases constipation
10. Reduces & may even reverse irritable bowel syndrome
11. Digests lactose from milk
12. Deactivates harmful enzymes in the intestine.
Explain why breastfeeding is important? (do we need to know this?)
Breast milk is the perfect food for babies. It is easy to digest and provides all the nutrients a baby needs for around the first 6 months. Breast milk is an important source of nutrients beyond 6 months. Research shows breastfeeding protects babies against infection, obesity and some other chronic diseases such as diabetes later in life.
Foods infants should avoid
- Whole foods
- juice and sugary drinks
- sugary and discretionary foods like chips, cakes, biscuits and lollies.
- do not add salt
-

????
- 12 months - full cream pasteurized milk, family foods as per dietary guidelines
- prepare and store foods safely - no uncooked eggs or foods containing uncooked egg, honey
- iron deficiency - iron-fortified cereals and later pureed meat and poultry dishes, tofu and beans.
What is a food allergy?
Abnormal reactions by the body to a food protein, where the reaction causes the immune system to produce antibodies that react with the allergen: severe symptoms include anaphylaxis, common foods that provoke allergies include peanuts, milk, tree nuts, eggs, sesame seeds, fish, shellfish, soy and wheat.
What are the characteristics and concerns of people with food allergies?
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What is food intolerance?
a broad term used to describe a wide range of adverse reactions to foods, that cause symptoms after eating some foods. These include stomach pain, bloating, gas/flatulence, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, rashes, hives, recurrent mouth ulcers or headaches. If food intolerances are not properly managed, these symptoms can adversely affect general health and wellbeing.
What are the characteristics and concerns of people with food intolerances?
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Coeliac disease (do we need info on this?)
gluten intolerance and then there are people diagnosed with coeliac disease....4
Long response structure
Problem
Essential characteristics
Stakeholders
Solution criteria - stakeholders and essential characteristics
- meeting needs of nutrition consumer market
- keeping with lastest food trends
-
Evaluation
S
Sentence for problem...
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what is the difference between essential characteristics and the other stuff? in the long reponse?
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Fibre info???
how to increase fibre
wholegrains
vegetables
oats for resistant starch
double check the elderly, pregnant etc.. stuff...
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vegetarian iron information?
plant based iron sources are not as easily absorbed as meat.
may need a supplement
increase protein
quinoa
chia seeds
snack on nuts, etc,....
baked beans'
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