Large Animal Uro-nephrology

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Urinary disease is usually primary in large animals - true/false
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Urinary disease is usually primary in large animals - true/false
False - they are usually a complication of another disease

Except: in foals, calves & geriatric patients where it may be the primary condition
Why are Boer goats & thoroughbreds more prediposed to urinary disorders/kidney injury?
More likely to receive more drugs early in career
Question 39: (1 mark) A 17-year-old Australian Stockhorse stallion is presented for pigmenturia. As you suspect a urolith, which of the following diagnostic tool will have the lowest yield to identify a stone?
a. Abdominal radiographs
b. Cystoscopy
c. Transabdominal ultrasound
d. Transrectal palpation
a. as the abdomen is too large to have value
You can always feel the ureters during transrectal palpation of the mare? True/false?
False - only feel if there is some distension
List 3 forms of examination of the urinary tract.
- Palpation (percutaneous & transrectal)
- Ultrasound (transcutanenous & transrectal)
- Endoscopy
- Kidney biopsy
- Bladder biopsy
- Urine collection & urinalysis: urination pattern & colour
- Serum chemistry: electrolytes, Cr, urea
What provides a better assessment of the urethra?
a. Transcutaneous ultrasound
b. Transrectal ultrasound
c. Abdominal radiographs
d. Rectal palpation
b
Why is bladder biopsy only performed in cattle?
- Thicker bladder & therefore decreased risk of leakage as seen in other spp.
Match to their definition:
a. Anuria
b. Dysuria
c. Stranguria
d. Pollakuria
e. Oliguria
f. Polyuria
g. Pigmenturia

1. Frequent urination
2. Discoloured urine
3. Small volumes of urine
4. Painful or difficult
5. Frequent and small volumes
6. Absent urination
7. Slow and painful
a = 6
b = 4
c = 7
d = 5
e = 3
f = 1
g = 2
Cloudy urine is normal in horses - true/false
True - there is large amounts of calcium excretion which creates cloudy colour
Which is FALSE?
a. Calcium carbonate crystals are normal in equine urine
b. Isosthenuria is normal in neonates
c. Proteinuria and glycosuria both indicate a problem
d. Herbivores have very acidic urine
d - they have alkalotic urine
A 7‐month‐old steer is presented for anuria. On examination, you notice some abdominal distention and tissue swelling. You suspected a rupture of the urinary tract. Name two electrolytes that will be abnormal on serum chemistry of this steer, and state if they will be above or below reference intervals. (2 Marks)- Sodium = below >> kidneys job to retain Na therefore dysfunction = loss - Chloride = below >> Cl- follows Na - Potassium = above >> kidneys job to excrete therefore dysfunction = accumulation - Phosphorous = above or below - Calcium = above or belowWhich is FALSE? a. Urea is lower in herbivores b. Creatinine is higher in foals c. UPC ratios have good value in large animal diagnostics d. Creatinine is an indicator of glomerular filtration ratec - limited value with poor sens. & specificityWhich of the following is NOT a cause for acute kidney injury in large animals? a. E. Coli b. Heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic c. NSAID's such as phenylbutazone, flunixin d. Unmanaged pyelonephritisdList three clinical findings of AKI in large animals-Anuria/stranguria/pollakuria/pigmenturia - Isosthenuria - HyperCr - HyperPhosp/HypoCalcList the clinical findings of chronic kidney disease in large animals- Anuria/polyuria/stranguria - Isosthenuria - Azotemia - HypoPhosph/HyperCalc - Weight loss/Anorexia - OedemaQuestion 65 An 8-year-old Warmblood gelding is presented for persistent polyuria following treatment with phenylbutazone. Urinalysis reveals a USG of 1.010, a white cell count of 8 WBC/hpf and presence of crystals and casts. Where, in the urinary tract, do you suspect a lesion (be specific)?- Likely tubular disorder Why? - Polyuria - Exposure to NSAID's - Isosthenuria - Presence of castsInterstitial disorders- More commonly chronic and in foals - CSx: vague, weight loss, anorexia - Caused by infections, developmental disorders, tumoursTubular disorders- More commonly acute - Causes: toxins & anti-inflammatories/vasoconstrictors - Csx: polyuria (tubules responsible for retaining water therefore dysfunction = loss), isosthenuria, hypoNa, HypoCl- and castsObstructive disorders- Very common in show production animals - Males at risk esp. when castrated as reduces size of urethra - Subsequent to urinary inflammation & high protein diet - Csx: haematuria after exercise, weight loss, colic, anuria/stranguria/polyuria, azotemia, hypoNa, hypoCl, hyperK