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RRC DA Infection Prevention Units 7-9

Terms in this set (116)

Pathology
The study of diseases.
Oral Pathogen
Microorganism that cause disease in the oral cavity.
Bacteremia
The presence of bacteria in the blood.
Septicemia
Life threatening infection cause by bacteremia.
Exotoxin, endotoxin
Two poisonous toxins of bacteria.
Exotoxin
A toxin produced and released into the surrounding medium (mostly by gram positive bacteria)
Endotoxin
A toxin contained in the cell walls of some bacteria (especially gram negative bacteria) that is released when the bacterium dies and is broken down by the body.
gram positive
Exotoxin is mostly from __________ bacteria.
gram negative
Endotoxin is from __________ bacteria.
Tuberculosis, legionnaires, tetanus, syphilis, MRSA
Five diseases caused by bacteria.
Tuberculosis
Bacteria causing a lung infection.
Legionnaires
Bacteria causing severe pneumonia.
Tetanus
Bacteria causing lockjaw (muscle contraction)
Syphilis
A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Bacteria causing a system infection.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The bacterium that causes tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis kill time
The benchmark for the effectiveness of a surface disinfectant.
Pulmonary tuberculosis infection
M. tuberculosis in the lungs.
Bronchi
The two branches divided from the trachea.
Bronchioles
Subdivided branches of the bronchi.
Alveoli
Tiny grape like clusters found at the end of each bronchiole where exchange of gases between lungs and blood takes place.
Tubercle Bacilli
__________ multiply in the alveoli.
Droplet Nuclei
__________ containing tubercle bacilli are inhaled, enter the lungs, and travel to the alveoli.
Lungs, kidneys, brain, bone
Four areas Tuberculosis is more likely to develop.
Macrophages
Special immune cells that form a hard shell that keep the bacilli contained and under control (latent).
Tuberculosis Disease
When the immune system cannot keep bacilli under control (active), the hard shell breaks down and tubercle bacilli escape and begin to multiply rapidly.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
A persistant or bad cough, coughing up blood or sputum, pain the chest, weakness or fatigue, weight loss, lack of appetite, chills, fever and night sweats are all symptoms of __________.
Mantoux Test
A test used to determine if the body has been exposed to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Bacteria by injecting purified protein derivative of the tuberculosis bacterium under the skin of the forearm. AKA, Tuberculin Skin Test (TST),
Aerosols
The main method of tuberculosis transmission.
Coughing, sneezing, talking
Three examples of aerosols.
HIV
Tuberculosis and __________ are often present together.
Medical examination, chest x-ray, lab tests, TST
Four steps of diagnosing tuberculosis.
False negative
Cancer, recent chemotherapy, late-stage AIDS, and conditions affecting the immune system may give a __________ TST result.
False positive
Vaccination with BCG (vaccine for TB) can lead to a __________ TST result.
MDR-TB
Tuberculosis that is resistant to the two most important "first-line" antibiotics used to fight tuberculosis.
Multidrugresistant Tuberculosis
MDR-TB
XDR-TB
Tuberculosis that can develop when MDR-TB bacteria become resistant to two or more of the best second-line drugs.
Extensively drug-resistant Tuberculosis
XDR-TB
Blood borne pathogens
Pathogenic microorganisms that are present in human blood and can cause disease in humans.
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, HIV/AIDS
Three diseases caused by blood borne pathogens.
Viral Hepatitis
An inflammation of the liver caused by a virus
HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV
Five types of viral hepatitis.
Hepatitis B Disease
Caused by HBV
Hepatitis C Disease
Caused by HCV
Hepatitis D Disease
Caused by HDV
Hepatitis E Disease
Caused by HEV
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis Disease that enters via the gut, replicates in the digestive system and spreads to infect the liver, where it multiplies in the hepatocytes cells.
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis Disease spread from person to person by fecal-oral transmission by eating food handled by a person with HAV who did not wash his/her hands properly after using the washroom, eating raw or undercooked seafood from sewage-polluted water, eating salad that has been rinsed in contaminated water and swimming in contaminated water.
Hygiene, gamma globulin injection, vaccine
Three Hepatitis A Disease prevention methods.
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis Disease caused by a hepatitis virus that replicates in the liver. Virus particles, as well as excess viral surface protein, are shed in large amounts into the blood (highly infectious).
Acute, Chronic
Two types of Hepatitis B infections.
Acute hepatitis
A hepatitis B infection that may last up to six months.
Chronic hepatitis
A hepatitis B infection that occurs if acute hepatitis infection is not resolved within six months.
Fulminant infection
A rare, severe and rapidly progressive form of hepatitis accompanied by hepatocellular death and the signs and symptoms of hepatic failure.
Asymptomatic infection
An infection where there is no sign of symptoms.
Cirrhosisis
A chronic disease of the liver caused by the destruction of cells, and inflammation.
Prolonged illness, liver cancer, cirrhosisis, liver failure, death
Five consequences of being a hepatitis B carrier.
Blood transfusion, manicure or pedicure, tattoo or piercing, acupuncture, shaving, sexual contact, medical or dental procedure, sharing personal hygiene items, mother to newborn at birth
Nine modes of Hepatitis B transmission.
Saliva, genital fluids, breast milk, synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, peritoneal fluid
Seven fluids that may contain Hepatitis B.
Vaccine, HBIG, PPE
Three preventive measures health care workers should take against Hepatitis B.
Blood transfusion, needles, sexual contact
Three ways of transmission of hepatitis C
fatigue, cirrhosis, liver cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Four symptoms of Hepatitis C.
90%
The carrier rate of hepatitis C infections becoming chronic.
Screening blood products, routine precautions
Two hepatitis C preventative procedures for health care workers.
Hepatitis D
A defective virus that cannot replicate itself without the presence of HBV.
Hepatitis E
Transmitted by way of the fecal-oral routes through contaminated food or water. However, transmission is not a major concern in a standard dental setting.
HIV
A blood borne viral infection in which the body's immune system breaks down.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
HIV
AIDS
A disease caused by HIV, and identified when a person becomes sick with one or more serious illnesses and infections (opportunistic infections or cancers).
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
AIDS
Blood, Semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, fluid surrounding unborn baby, body fluid containing blood
Six body fluids containing HIV.
unprotected sex, needles, blood transfusion, babies born to HIV infected mothers, breastmilk
Five ways HIV is transmitted.
Significant blood exposure
Occurs when an individual has come into direct contact with human blood and/or body fluids infected with HIV, HBV or HCV, including any body fluids visibly soiled or contaminated by blood.
feces, genital secretions, saliva
Three examples of significant blood exposure
Cleaning
The physical removal of visible foreign material from objects and surfaces.
Sterilization
The process that kills all microorganisms and their products (spores).
Disinfection
Reduction or destruction of microorganisms; does not kill spores.
Sanitation
Protective measures to maintain a healthy, disease and hazard-free environment.
Antisepsis
To kill or inhibit growth of microorganisms to prevent infection.
Asepsis
The state of being free of pathogenic microorganisms and contaminants.
Disinfectant
Cleaning and disinfecting for inanimate objects.
Antiseptic
Cleaning and disinfecting for the skin.
Static
Inhibiting growth or multiplication.
Cidal
Indicates killing ability.
Bactericide
Substance that kills bacteria.
Sporicide
Substance that kills spores.
Virucide
Substance that kills viruses.
Fungicide
Substance that kills fungi.
Germicide
Substance that kills germs, especially pathogenic microorganisms.
Bacteriostatic
Inhibit the growth or multiplication of bacteria.
Steam, Unsaturated chemical, Dry Heat
The three most common forms of heat sterilization in the dental office.
Steam sterilization
Autoclave sterilization.
Unsaturated chemical
Vapor sterilization: a combination of alcohol, formaldehyde, ketone, acetone, and water.
Dry Heat Sterilization
Use hot air and transfer the heat to materials.
Autoclave
Machine used to sterilize dental instruments using steam under pressure.
250 F
The autoclaves recommended temperature setting.
15-30 psi
The autoclaves recommended pressure setting.
20 min
The autoclaves recommended time setting.
Physical, Chemical, Biological
Three forms of sterilization monitoring.
Physical
Sterilization monitoring that involves observing gauges and readings.
Chemical
Sterilization monitoring that involves the use of a heat-sensitive chemical that changes color under the right conditions
Process Indicators
A type of chemical sterilization monitoring method that is placed outside instrument packages, and only indicates exposure temperature.
Process Integrators
A type of chemical sterilization monitoring method that is placed inside instrument packages, and indicates exposure temperature, pressure and time.
Process Indicators, Process Integrators
Two types of chemical sterilization monitoring methods.
Biologic
Sterilization monitoring method that is the only way to ensure destruction of all microorganisms and spores (sterilization) has occurred.
Broad Spectrum
Rapidly kills a variety of microorganisms.
Residual Activity
Continues to work long after the first application.
Nonreactive
Meaning a variety of items and surfaces can be disinfected.
Minimal Toxicity
Low hazards to the worker
Broad Spectrum, Residual Activity, Nonreactive, Minimal Toxicity
Four desirable properties of a disinfectant.
Lipid viruses, Gram positive bacteria, Non-lipid viruses, Fungi, Gram negative bacteria, Mycobacteria, Bacterial spores, Prions
The eight infectious agents order of resistance to disinfection, from least to most.
Low Level
The level of disinfectant that kill most vegetative bacteria, some fungi, and some viruses (lipid/enveloped).
Intermediate
The level of disinfectant that's tuberculocidal (kills mycobacteria) and kills most viruses, bacteria and fungi.
High Level
The level of disinfectant that kills all microorganisms, except high levels of bacterial spores.
Low, Intermediate, High
Three levels of disinfectant.
Ethyl alcohol, Isopropyl alcohol
Two alcohols used for disinfection and antisepsis.
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