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AP Psychology - Developmental Psych

Terms in this set (45)

developmental psychology
the study of continuity and change across the life span
zygote
a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg
germinal stage
the 2 week period of prenatal development hat begins at conception
embryonic stage
the period of prenatal development that blasts from the second week until about the eight week
fetal stage
the period of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth
myelination
the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell
teratogens
agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses
fetal alcohol syndrome
a development disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy
infancy
the stage of development that begins at birth and last between 18 and 24 months
motor development
the emergence of the ability to execute physical action
reflexes
specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation
cephalocaudal rule
the "top to bottom" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
proximodistal rule
the "inside to outside" rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery
cognitive development
the emergence of the ability to understand the world
sensorimotor stage
a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it
schemas
theories about or models of the way the world works
assimilation
the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
accommodation
the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information
object permanence
the idea the objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
childhood
the stage of development that begins at about 18 to 24 months and lasts until adolescence
pre-operational stage
begins at about at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world
concrete operational stage
begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others' minds
conservation
the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance
formal operational stage
begins at about 11 years and lasts through adulthood, in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and others; minds and learn to reason abstractly
egocentrism
the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers
theory of mind
the idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently
attachment
the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers
internal working model of attachment
a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure
SECURE: certain caregiver will respond
AVIODANT: certain caregiver will not respond
AMBIVALENT: uncertain if they will respond
DISORGANIZED:confused about their caregiver (ex:abused)
temperaments
characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
pre-conventional stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an actions primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
conventional stage
a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
post-conventional stage
a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action if determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
adolescence
the period of development that begins with the onset of sexual maturity (about 11 to 14 years) and lasts until the beginnnig of adulthood (about 18 to 21 years)
puberty
the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity
primary sex characteristics
bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction
secondary characteristics
bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction
adulthood
the stage of development that begins around 18 to 21 years and ends at death
trust vs. mistrust
Erickson's first stage characterized by children developing trust of their caregiver
autonomy vs. shame/doubt
Erickson's second stage characterized by the ability to control physical skills
initiative vs. guilt
Erickson's third stage characterized by children asserting control over their environment
industry vs. inferiority
Erickson's fourth stage characterized by coping with new social demands
identity vs. role confusion
Erickson's fifth stage characterized by developing a sense of identity
intimacy vs. isolation
Erickson's sixth stage characterized by forming loving relationships
generativity vs. stagnation
Erickson's seventh stage characterized by creating things that will outlast an individual
ego integrity vs. despair
Erickson's eighth and final stage characterized by looking back on life
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