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AP US History Chapter 12: Territorial and Economic Expansion 1830-1860

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John L. O'Sullivan

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John L. O'Sullivan

penned the term "manifest destiny" in Democratic Review in 1845

Manifest Destiny

the popular belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America, enthusiasm reached a peak in the 1840s, not all Americans were behind this idea, some believed it was only Southern plot to expand slavery

Factors Driving Manifest Destiny

nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, reform ideals

1823 Mexico won its independence from Spain, wanted to attract settlers to a large province in the North, friction developed here when in 1829 Mexico outlawed slavery and forced immigrants to convert to Roman Catholic, closed Mexico to further immigration when denied

General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican dictator, appointed in 1834, abolished the nation's federal system of government, insisted on enforcing laws

continued the legacy of his father Moses and brought 300 families into Texas and began a steady migration of American settlers

led a group of American settlers who revolted and declared Texas an independent republic in March 1836, president of Lone Star Republic

Goliad and Alamo

battles in the Texas War for Independence that ended in Mexican victories, killing every American

Battle of San Jacinto

an army under Sam Houston caught the Mexicans by surprise and captured Santa Anna, Mexican leader forced to sign a treaty recognizing Texas' independence, granted all territory north of Rio Grande, Mexican legislature rejected

Failed Annexation of Texas

Houston applied for annexation, Jackson and Van Buren put off annexation because of political tensions for slavery, etc., Tyler tried to annex Texas but the Senate rejected it in 1844

Maine Boundary Dispute

America couldn't settle the boundary between Maine and Canadian province of New Brunswick, British colony, conflict broke out into open fighting

"battle of the maps", conflict was resolved with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 the disputed territory was split between Maine and British Canada, also settled boundary of Minnesota territory, leaving Mesabi region on US side

a vast territory on the Pacific coast that initially stretched to Alaska, claimed by Spain, Russia, Great Britain, and US

Claims to Oregon

Spain, Russia, Great Britain, US, Britain based claim to Hudson Fur Company's trade, US based it on discovery of Columbia River, expedition of Lewis and Clark, trading post by John Jacob Astor