Upgrade to remove ads
Only $2.99/month

Chapter 15: Psychological disorders

Terms in this set (211)

Psychological disorder
A syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individuals cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
maladaptive
they interfere with normal day-to-day life
Homosexuality was once classified by the American Psychiatric Association as a psychological disorder, When did this change and why?
On december 10th 1973 The American Psychiatric Association no longer classified homosexuality as a psycological disorder because they no longer viewed same-sex attraction as a psychological problem, such as the power of shifting societal beliefs.
Maladaptive
A lawyer is distressed by feeling the need to wash his hands 100 times a day. He has no time to meet with clients, and his colleagues are wondering about his competence. His behavior would probably be labeled disordered, because it is ___________ - that is, it interferes with his everyday life.
chain-free initiative
aims to reform hospitals into patient-friendly and humane places with minimum restrains, launched by the World Health Organization
moral treatments
approach for mental health treatment influenced by Reformers such as Phillip Pinel based on the idea that curing illness requires "moral treatment", including boosting patient's morale by unchaining them and talking with them. He and others worked to replace brutality with gentleness, isolation with activity, and filth with clean air and sunshine
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

assumes that mental illness is diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms. It needs to be treated through therapy, which may include time in a psychiatric hospital
epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
They are more like, but are not destined to develop the same disorders. Their varying environmental factors influence whether certain culprit genes are expressed
Why do identical twins (with the same genes) do not share the same risks of developing psychological disorders?
Some psychological disorders are culture-specific. For example, depression and schizophrenia are universal. Where as anorexia nervosa occurs mostly in North American cultures where food is abundant, and taijin-kyofusho ( social anxiety about their appearance, combined with a readiness to blush and a fear of eye contact) appears largely in Japan.
Are psychological disorders universal, or are they culture specific? Explain with examples.
emphasized that biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences combine to produce psychological disorders. This broad perspective helps us understand that our well-being is affected by our genes, brain functioning, inner thoughts and feelings, and the influences of our social and cultural environment
What is the Biopsychosocial approach, and why is it important in our understanding of psychological disorders?
- evolution
- individual genes
- brain structure and chemistry
What are biological influences of psychological disorders?
- stress
- trauma
- learned helplessness
- mood-related perceptions and memories
What are psychological influences of psychological disorders?
- roles
- expectations
- definitions of normality and disorder
What are social-cultural influences of psychological disorders?
DSM-5
The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth-Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

It contains diagnostic labels and descriptions that provide a common language and shared concepts for communication and research.

physicians and mental health workers use the detailed "diagnostic criteria and codes" to guide medical diagnostics and treatment.
- predict the disorders future course
- suggest appropriate treatment
- prompt research into its causes
What does diagnostic classification in psychiatry and psychology aim to do?
Insomnia Disorder
Sally meets in the DSM-5 meets all of criteria listed below. What psychological disorder is she being diagnosed with?

- Feeling unsatisfied with amount or quality of sleep ( trouble falling asleep, staying asleep, or returning to sleep)
- Sleep disruption causes distress or diminished everyday functioning
- Happens three or more nights each week
- Occurs during at least three consecutive months - Happens even with sufficient sleep opportunities
- independant from substance use or abuse
- independant from other mental disorders or medical conditions
critics believe that the DSM editions have become to detailed and extensive. Others view DSM diagnoses as arbitrary labels that create preconceptions that which bias perceptions of the labeled person's past an present behavior
What do critics think about the DSM editions?
- Autism and Asperger's syndrome have now been combine under the label "autism spectrum disorder"
- Mental retardation has become "intellectual disability
- Hoarding disorder and binge-eating disorder, have been added.
In the DSM-5 what diagnostic labels have changed?
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.
B) mental health

Mental health is not a good predictor. Studies show that people with disorders are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violence. The vast majority of violent6 crimes are committed by people with no diagnosed disorder.
Which is NOT a good predictor of violence?

A) access to a gun
B) mental health
C) history of violence
D) use of alcohol and drugs
Therapists and others use disorder labels to communicate with one anther using a common language, and to share concepts during research. Clients may benefit from knowing that they are not the only ones with these symptoms. The dangers of labeling people are that (1) people may begin to act as they have been labeled (2) the labels can trigger assumptions that will change our behavior toward those we label
What is the value, an what are the dangers of labeling individuals with disorders?
- academic failure
- birth complications
- low birth weight
- stressful life events
- trauma experience
- substance abuse
- parental mental illness
- parental substance abuse
- low socioeconomic status
- neurochemical imbalance
- medical illness
What are risk factors for mental disorders?/
- aerobic exercise
- effective parenting
- feelings of mastery and control
- positive attachment and early bonding
- self-esteem
- social support from family and friends
- resilient coping with stress and adversity
- positive parent-child relationships
- economic independence
- feelings of security
What are protective factors for mental disorders?
Usually strike by early adulthood. A study revealed that over 70% of their patients with any disorder had experienced their first symptom by age 24.
What times of life do disorders usually occur?
D) Antisocial personality disorder (median age 8)

- obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder (median age 20)
- phobias (median age 10)
- major depressive disorder (median age 25)
Amongst the disorders, which one's symptoms appear the earliest?

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) phobias
C) major depressive disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder
Poverty-related stresses can help trigger disorders, but disabling disorders can also contribute to poverty. Thus poverty and disorders are often a chicken-and-egg situation, and it is hard to know which came first.
What is the relationship between poverty and psychological disorders?
schizophrenia
Which psychological disorder can drive a person into poverty?
D) Social anxiety disorder (6.8%)

- generalized anxiety disorder (3.1 %)
- PTSD (3.5 %)
- ADHD (4.1 %)
Which psychological disorder had the highest percentage rate of diagnoses amongst Americans last year?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B)Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
C)ADHD
D)social anxiety disorder
United states
Which country has the highest rates of mental disorders?
Shanghai
Which country has the lowest rates of mental disorders?
anxiety disorders, or for the two other disorders that involve anxiety: obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
When the brain's danger-detection system becomes hyperactive, we are at a greater risk for developing?
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behavior that reduces anxiety
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

people with this condition worry continually, and are often jittery, agitated, and sleep deprived. Their tension and apprehension may show through furrowed brows, twitching eyelids, trembling, perspiration, or fidgeting from autonomic nervous system arousal. It is often accompanied by depressed mood.
D) B & C

women have a 2x higher risk than men of suffering from generalized anxiety disorder and PTSD
Women are twice as likely to experience :

A) panic disorder
B)Generalized anxiety disorder
C)PTSD
D) B & C
generalized anxiety disorder
For the past 2 years,Tom, a 27-year-old electrician, has been bothered by dizziness, sweating palms, heart palpitations, and ringing in his ears. He feels on the edge and sometimes finds himself shaking. With reasonable success, he hides his symptoms from his family and co-workers. But he allows himself few other social contacts, and occasionally he has to leave work. Tom's unfocused, out-of-control, agitated feelings suggest which disorder?
Panic disorder
an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, irregular heartbeat, shortness of breath, trembling, dizziness or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack
agoraphobia
fear or avoidance of situations in which escape might be difficult when panic strikes
- smokers have at least double the risk of panic disorder
- smokers show greater panic symptoms in situations that often produce panic attacks, such as when they hyperventilate

this happens cause nicotine is a stimulant
How does smoking effect panic disorder?
phobia

consumed by persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of some object, activity or situation
Marilyn, an otherwise healthy and happy 28-year-old, fears thunderstorms so intensely that she feels anxious as soon as weather forecasts mentions possible storms later in the week. If her husband is away and a storm is forecast, she may stay with a close relative. During a storm, she hides from windows and buries her head to avoid seeing the lighten. Marilyn is suffering from what disorder?

A)PTSD
B)generalized anxiety disorder
C)phobia
D)Mania
phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
social anxiety disorder (formerly called "social phobia"
extreme shyness. People with this disorder have an intense fear of other people's negative judgements. They may avoid potentially embarrassing social situations - such as speaking up, eating out, or going to parties - or they sweat and tremble when doing so
B) generalized anxiety disorder
Unfocused tension, apprehension, and arousal are symptoms of what disorder?

A) ADHD
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) panic disorder
D) PTSD
C) panic disorder
Those who experience unpredictable periods of terror and intense dread, accompanied by frightening physical sensations, may be diagnosed with

A) phobia
B) PTSD
C) panic disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder
B) phobia
If a person is focusing anxiety on specific feared objects or situations, that person may have

A) panic disorder
B) phobia
C) PTSD
D) OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both
C) concern with dirt, germs, or toxins

Of the children with OCD studied, 40% reported having obsessions of concern with dirt, germs, or toxins
Which is the most common obsession (repetative thoughts) amongst kids with OCD?

A) symmetry, order, or exactness
B) something terrible happening (fire,
death,illness)
C) concern with dirt, germs, or toxins
D) none of the above
B) excessive hand washing, bathing, toothbrushing, or
grooming

Of children with OCD studied, 85% reported having compulsions of excessive hand washing, bathing, toothbrushing, or grooming
Which is the most common compulsion (repetitive behavior) amongst kids with OCD?

A) repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down
from a chair)
B) excessive hand washing, bathing,
toothbrushing, or grooming
C) checking doors, locks, appliances, car brakes,
homework
D) avoiding particular places, people or situations
posttramatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after traumatic experience
- some people may have more sensitive emotion-
processing limbic systems that floor their bodies with
stress hormones
- PTSD patients have smaller amygdala (brain region that
governs fear)
- genes and gender also matter, risk is 2x higher for
women than for men
Why do some people develop PTSD after traumatic events, and some people don't?
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Those who express anxiety through unwanted repetitive thoughts or actions may have ____________
disorder.
posttramatic stress disorder (PTSD)
those with symptoms of recurring memories and nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia for weeks after a traumatic event may be diagnosed with ______________ disorder
This can happen through two part conditioning process: Stimulus generalization and reinforcement

stimulus generalization occurs when a person experiences a fearful event and later develops a fear of similar events. All of us generalize our fears.

Once fear and anxiety arise, Reinforcement helps maintain them. Anything that helps us avoid or escape the feared situation can be reinforcing because it reduces anxiety and gives us a feeling of relief. Reinforced by feeling calmer, we are likely to repeat that maladaptive behavior in the future.
How can conditioning magnify a painful or frightening event into a phobia?
Our thoughts, memories, interpretations, and expections all influence our anxiety level. By observing others, we can learn to fear what they fear. Humans often learn many of our own fears by observing others Our past experiences shape our expectations and influence our interpretations and reactions. How we interpret the creaky sound in the old house as the wind or a possible intruder determines whether we panic or not. People with anxiety disorders tend to be hypervigilant (increased state of awareness caused by fear or anxiety). Anxiety is especially common when people cannot switch off intrusive thoughts and perceive loss of control and a sense of helplessness.
How does cognition influence our feelings of anxiety?
- individual with an inherited high-strung temperament
can has a greater risk of a phobia if experiences a
traumatic event
- genes variations can influence disorders by regulating
neurotransmitters, such as the:

"anxiety gene" that affects brain levels of serotonin, a
neurotransmitter that influences sleep mood, and
attention to negative images.
Another gene variation regulates neurotransmitter
glutamate, and with too much glutamate the brain's alarm
centers become overactive

- child abuse leaves long-term epigenetic marks, increasing the likelihood that a genetic vulnerability to the disorder will be exposed
- Suicide victims show a similar epigenetic effect
How do genes influence anxiety disorders?
our experiences change our brain, paving new pathways,. Traumatic fear-learning experiences can leave tracks in the brain, creating new fear circuits within the amygdala. These fear pathways create easy inroads for more fear experiences.
How does the brain influence anxiety disorders?
- when the OCD brain detects something is wrong, it generates a mental hiccup of repeated thoughts (obsessions) or actions (compulsions).

- people with OCD reveal elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex in the brains frontal lobe during behaviors such as compulsive hand washing, checking, ordering, or hoarding.

- the anterior cingulate cortex in OCD is not only enlarged but is especially likely to be hyperactive
What did brain scans reveal about activity in the brain of OCD people?
PTSD brains show higher-than-normal activity in the amygdala when they view traumatic images
What did brain scans reveal about activity in the brain of PTSD people?
We are biologically wired to fear threats faced by our ancestors. It is easy to condition these fears and hard to overcome such evolutionary fears such as spiders, snakes, heights, and enclosed spaces. These stimuli have been pre-wired in our brains as threats because they were dangers to our ancestors.

our compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species survival, for example washing up becomes ritual hand washing and checking territory becomes rechecking an already locked door
How does natural selection influence our fears?
- major depressive disorder
- persistent depressive disorder
- bipolar depressive disorder
What are the three depressive disorders?
major depressive disorder
a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood (2) loss of interest or pleasure
major depressive disorder

: a persistent state of hopelessness and lethargy
Brain has had the following symptoms for the past 2 weeks, Which disorder would he be classified as in the DSM-5?

- dramatically reduced interest or enjoyment in most activities most of the time
- significant challenges regulating sleep
-physical agitation or lethargy
- feeling listless or with much less energy
- feeling worthless and unwarranted guilt
- significant challenges regulating appetite and weight
- problems in thinking, concentrating
persistent depressive disorder ( also called dysthymia)

: in which a person experiences milder depressive feelings
Carmen has been experiencing a mildly depressed mood for the last 2 years along with feelings of poor self-esteem and feeling hopeless. What disorder is Carmen illustrating?
mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
bipolar disorder

( formerly called manic-depressive disorder)
a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the over-exited state of mania.
- typically have little need for sleep
- positive emotions persist abnormally
- their speech is loud, fighty, and hard to
interrupt
- they find advice irritating, yet they need protection from their own poor judgement, which may lead to reckless spending or unsafe sex
What happens to bipolar people during the manic phase?
for some people suffering from depressive disorders or bipolar disorder, symptoms may have a seasonal pattern. Depression may regularly return each fall or winter, and mania (or a reprieve from depression) may dependably arrive with spring
what does it mean if an individual with a depressive disorder or bipolar disorder has symptoms that have a seasonal pattern?
In milder forms, mania's energy and flood of ideas fuel creativity. Those who rely on precision and logic, such as architects and designers suffer bipolar disorder less often than do those who rely on emotional expression and vivid imagery. Composers, artists, poets, novelists and entertains seem especially prone. An analysis of over 1 millions individuals revealed that the only psychological disorder linked to working in a creative profession was bipolar disorder.
Does mania fuel creativity?
- many behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression

- depression is widespread

- women's risk of major depression is nearly double men's risk

- most major depressive episodes self-terminate

- stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationships often precede depression

- with each new generation, depression strikes earlier now (often in the late teens) and it affects more people, with the highest rates in developed countries among young adults
What biological and social-cognitive perspectives help us understand depressive disorders and bipolar disorder?
- genetic predisposition
- child abuse
- low self-esteem
- marital problems
- sexual assault
- learned helplessness
- tendency to ruminate (overthink)
What factors put women at risk for depression?
The depression gender gap is worldwide and begins in adolescence when girls often think and fret about their bodies. Factors ( such as genetic predispositions, child abuse, low self-esteem, sexual assault, marital problems) put women at risk for depression, similarly as they do for men. Yet women are more vulnerable to disorders involving internalized states, such as depression, anxiety and inhibited sexual desire. However women experience more situations that may increase their risk for depression such as gender unequal pay, juggling multiple roles, and caring for children and elderly family members. Men's disorders tend to more external - alcohol use disorder, antisocial conduct, lack of impulse control. When women get sad they often get sadder than men do. When men get mad they often get madder than women do.
Why are women's risk of major depression nearly double men's risk?
Anxiety is a response to the threat of a future loss, depression is often a response to past and current loss. Minor daily stressors can leave emotional scars. However it is the people who overreact to minor stressors, such as a broken appliance were often found to be depression 10 years later. Moving to a new culture can also increase depression, especially among younger people who have not yet formed their identities.
How can stressful events related to work, marriage, and close relationship lead up to depression?
- people in a depressed mood become inactive and feel unmotivated
- they feel sensitive to negative events
- they recall more negative information
- they expect negative outcomes (my team will lose, my grades will fall, my love will fail)

when the depression lifts, these behavioral and cognitive accompaniments disappear
What behavioral and cognitive changes accompany depression?
A) bipolar disorder

biopolar disorder has the highest hereditary rates for people who have a family member with bipolar disorder.
Which is the most hereditable psychological disorder?

A)bipolar disorder
B)schizophrenia
C)major depressive disorder
D)anorexia nervosa
Depressive and bipolar disorders fun in families
- the risk of major depression and bipolar disorder increases if you have a parent or sibling with the disorder

- if one identical twin is diagnosed with major depressive disorder the chances are 1 in 2 that at some point the other twin will be too

- this effect is even higher with bipolar: if one twin is bipolar, the chances are 7 in 10 that the other twin will be diagnosed similarly, even if the twins were raised apart
What are genetic influences of depressive and bipolar disorder?
Linkage analysis
studies used to identify the genes that put people at risk for depression. Process involves:
(1) first geneticists find families i which the disorder appears across several generations.
(2) Next the researchers examine the DNA from affected and unaffected family members, looking for differences.
Linkage analysis points researchers to a chromosome neighborhood; "A house-to-house search is then needed to find a culprit gene. They examine all the family members chromosomes until they find genes that put people at greater risk for depression.

Many genes work together , produced a bunch of small effects that interact with other factors to put some people at a higher risk.

So if culprit genes can be identified they can lead to more effective drug therapy. So far 3 genes have been identified in separate British and American studies.
What is the benefit of linkage analysis for depression?
there is diminished brain activity during slowed-down depressive states and there is more activity during periods of mania

- left frontal lobe and an adjacent brain reward center become more active during positive emotions

- brain energy consumption rises and falls with the patients emotional switches. A PET scan showed that in a manic state the brain rapidly consumed glucose.
How does brain activity differ during depressed and manic states?
- depressed people's frontal lobes are smaller than normal

- the hipocampus (the memory-processing center linked with the brains emotional circuitry) is vulnerable to damage

- there is altered brain structure in bipolar people, neuroscientists discovered white matter and enlarged fluid-filled ventricles
What have MRI scans revealed about the brain structure in people with depressive disorders and bipolar disorder?
- Norepinephrine, which increases arousal and boosts mood, is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania
- serotonin imbalances can lead to depression if combined with a significant life stress
How does the neurotransmitter system influence depressive disorders and bipolar disorders?
once you have an urge to smoke, depression makes it more difficult to quit. This happens because smoking is then used as an attempt to self-medicate with the inhaled nicotine, which can temporarily increase norepinephrine and boost your mood.
Why do many people with a history of depression have a history of habitual smoking?
significant life stress and variation of a serotonin-controlling gene

depression arose from the combination of an adverse environment plus a genetic susceptibility, but not one either one alone
A study of New Zealand young adults found the recipe for depression combine two necessary ingredients, which are?
they tend to increase norepinephrine or serotonin supplies by blocking either their reuptake (as Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil do with serotonin) or their chemical breakdowns
How do drugs relieve depression?
because it increases serotonin, which affects mood and arousal. In one study, running for two hours increased brain activation in regions associated with euphoria (intense feelings of happiness)
How does repetitive physical exercise, such as jogging, reduce depression?
people with a "mediterranean diet" (heavy on vegetables, fish, and olive oil) have a low risk of developing, heart disease, stroke, late-life cognitive decline and depression - all of which are associated with inflammation

excessive alcohol use correlates with depression - mostly because alcohol misuse leads to depression
How does nutrition influence risk of depression?
epigenetic marks
organic molecules that attach to our chromosomes and turn certain genes on or off. These molecular tags can be a result of diet, drugs, stress and other life experiences
social-cognitive perspective
explores how peoples assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive
the social cognitive perspecive explores how people's assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive. Depressed people view life through the dark glasses of low seld-esteem. Their negative assumptions about themselves, their situation and their future lead them to magnify bad experiences and minimize good ones. Expecting the worst, depressed people's self-defeating beliefs and their negative explanatory style feed depressions vicious cycle.
How does the social-cognitive perspective influence depression?
rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems.
rumination is staying focused on one problem (thanks to the continuous firing of a frontal lobe area that sustains attention). Relentless, self-focused rumination can divert us from thinking about other life tasks, and can increase negative moods. This is one of the reasons why women have double the risk of depression than men, because women have a tendency to ruminate or overthink.
What is the effect of rumination?
explanatory style
who or what they blame for their failures
People's explanatory style (who or what they blame for their failures) explains why life's unavoidable failures only lead some people to become depressed. Depression-prone people respond to bad events in an especially self-focused, self-blaming way.

For example: think of how you might feel if you failed a test. If you can externalize the blame ("what an unfair test") , you are more likely to feel angry. If you blame yourself, you will probably feel stupid and depressed
How does explanatory style influence depression?
Depressed people often explain bad events in terms that are stable ("it's going to last forever"), global ("it's going to affect everything I do"), and internal ("its all my fault"). Depression-prone people respond to bad events in an especially self-focused and self-blaming way.
What is the explanatory style of a depression prone person?
C) "i'll never get over this"


stable response is "it's going to last forever" mentality that depressed people have after bad events
A depressed person is going through a breakup with a romantic partner. Which illustrates a "stable" response?

A)"our breakup was all my fault
B)"it takes two to make a relationship work and it wasn't meant to be
C)"ill never get over this"
D)" without my partner, I cant seem to do anything right"
B) " without my partner, I can't seem to do anything right"

Global response is "it's going to affect everything I do" mentality that depressed people have after bad events
A depressed person is going through a breakup with a romantic partner. Which illustrates a "global" response?

A) "this is hard to take, but i will get through this"
B) " without my partner, I cant seem to do anything right"
C) "our breakup was all my fault"
D "I miss my partner, but thankfully I have my family and other friends"
D) "our breakup was all my fault"

Internal response is "it's all my fault" mentality that depressed people have after bad events
A depressed person is going through a breakup with a romantic partner. Which illustrates a "internal" response?

A) "it takes two to make a relationship work and it wasn't meant to be"
B) "I'll never get over this"
C) "This is hard to take, but I will get through this"
D) "our breakup was all my fault"
preexisting pessimism and encountering failure
What did Martin Seligman believe was the recipe for severe depression?
Seligman believed it was because of the rise of individualism and the decline of commitment of religion and family, which forces young people to take responsibility for failure or rejection.

In non western cultures, where close-knit relationships and cooperation are the norm, major depression is less common and less tied to self-blame over personal failure
Why is depression so common among young westerners?
state-dependent memory
tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
1) stressful experiences
2) negative explanatory style
3) depressed mood
4) cognitive and behavioral changes
What are the 4 points of depressions vicious cycle?
1) negative, stressful events interpreted though 2) a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style create 3) a hopeless, depressed state that 4) impact the way the person thinks and acts. This in turn, fuels 1) negative, stressful experiences such as rejection.

depression is a snake that bites its on tail, and the cycle often just continues to repeat until therapists help depressed people break out of it.
What happens during the vicious cycle of depressed thinking?
therapists recognize the cycle and work to help the depressed person break out of it. Each of the bottom three points (2,3,4) offer an exit to work toward.

Instead of 2) negative explanatory style, they must reverse self-blame and a negative outlook

Instead of 3) depressed mood, they must turn their attention outward

Instead of 4) cognitive and behavioral changes, they must engage in more pleasant activities and more competent behavior
How can a depressed person break the vicious cycle of depression
- national differences
- racial differences
- gender differences
- age differences and trends
- other group differences
- day of the week differences
What factor differences have researchers found contribute to variation in suicidal rates?
in the US whites and native americans kill themselves twice as often as blacks, hispanics and asians
How does race influence suicide rates?
women are twice as likely than men to attempt suicide, but men are 4x more likely to actually end their lives
How does gender influence suicide rates?
in late adulthood, rate of suicide increase, peaking in middle age and beyond.
how does age influence suicide rates?
suicide rates are much higher among the rich, the nonreligious and those who were single, widowed or divorced

witnessing physical pain and trauma can increase risk of suicide which may help explain physicians elevated suicide rates

gay and lesbian youth facing an unsupportive environment risks are higher

among people with alcohol use disorder, 3% die by suicide
how does income, religion, social support and trauma influence suicide rates?
negative emotions tend to go up midweek. 25% of US suicides occur on Wednesday.
how do days of the week influence differences suicide rates?
- verbal hints
- giving possessions away
- withdrawal
- preoccupation with death
What are some forewarning signs of suicide?
because suicide is often an impulsive act, environment barriers ( such as jump barriers on high bridges and the unavailability of loaded guns) can save lives.

restrictions like these give the time for the person's self-destructive impulses to subside
How can environmental barriers prevent suicide?
nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)
some people, especially adolescents and young adults may hurt themselves in various way (such as cut or burn their skin, hit themselves, insert objects under their nails or skin, or tattoo themselves) as a way to deal with distress
NSSI people tend to be less able to tolerate emotional distress

they are extremely self-critical and often poor communication and problem solving skills
What are some characteristics of people to engage in NSSI?
- they find relief from intense negative
thoughts from the distraction of pain
- to attract attention and possibly get help
- to relieve guilt by inflicting self-punishment
- to get others to change their negative
behavior (bullying, criticism)
- to fit in with a peer group
What reasons do people engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI)?
usually not, those who engage in NSSI are typically gesturers and not suicide attempters. Suicide gesturers use NSSI as a desperate but non-threatening form of communication or when they are feeling overwhelmed
Does nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) lead to suicide?
many factors contribute to depression, including the biological influences of genetics and brain function. Social-cognitive factors also matter, including the interaction of explanatory style, mood, and our response to stressful experiences, and changes in our patterns of thinking and behaving. The whole body is involved
What does it mean that "depression is a whole-body disorder"?
the word means split (schizo) mind (phrenia). In this disorder the mind suffers a split from reality that shows itself in disturbed perceptions, disorganized thinking and speech, and diminished, inappropriate emotions
What does the word schizophrenia mean? how its meaning relate the disorder?
schizophrenia patients can have positive symptoms
other patients can have schizophrenia with negative symptoms
What are the different forms of schizophrenia?
- may experience hallucinations
- talk in disorganized and deluded ways
- exhibit inappropriate laughter, tears, and or rage
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
- may have toneless voices
- expressionless faces
- mute and rigid bodies
what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
schizophrenia
a disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
people with schizophrenia sometimes have hallucinations - they see, feel, taste,or smell things that only exist in their minds. Most often the hallucinations are sounds, frequent voices making insulting remarks or giving orders.
What disturbed perceptions do people with schizophrenia experience?
hallucinations
false perceptions
delusions
false beliefs. They are often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
word salad
a mixture of familiar words and ideas put into random senseless order within sentences.

example: one young man begged for "a little more allegro in the treatment" and suggested that "liberationary movement with a view to the widening of the horizon" will "ergo extort some wit in lectures"
- their thinking is distorted by delusions (false beliefs)
- They have difficulty with selective attention : leading them to focus on tiny irrelevent stimuli and distracting their attention from things that should have a persons undivided attention
What are some causes of the disorganized thinking and speech of people with schizophrenia?
Normally we have a remarkable capacity for giving our undivided attention to one set of sensory stimuli while filtering out others. People with schizophrenia cannot do this. Therefore, tiny, irrelevant stimuli, such as the grooves on a brick, or the inflections of a voice, may distract them from a bigger event or a speaker's meaning
How does a person's attention differ from a person with schizophrenia?
flat affect
a state of no apparent feeling
impaired theory of mind
difficulty perceiving facial expressions and reading other's state of mind
catatonia
remaining motionless for hour
- some with schizophrenia lapse into an emotionless flat affect state of no apparent feeling
- most with schizophrenia have an impaired theory of mind - in which they have difficulty perceiving facial expressions and reading other's state of mind
what are causes of the diminished and inappropraite emotions in schizophrenia
chronic schizophrenia
(also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear in late adolescence or eary adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.
acute schizophrenia
(also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at ant ago, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods
In chronic (or process) schizophrenia, the disorder develops gradually and recovery is doubtful. In acute (or reaction) schizophrenia, the onset is sudden, in reaction to stress, and the prospects for recovery are brighter
How do chronic and acute schizophrenia differ?
- those who experience childhood abuse are 3x more likely than an unabused person to develop schizophrenia
- other types of childhood adversity such as bullying increases the risk
What factors increase the risk of schizophrenia?
people with schizophrenia have increased dopamine receptors, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as hallucinations and paranoia.

Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia include enlarged, fluid-filled cerebral cavities and corresponding decreases in the cortex.

Brain scans reveal abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala. The interacting malfunctions in multiple brain regions and their connections may produce schizophrenia symptoms
What brain abnormalities are associated with schizophrenia?
when people were hallucinating their brain became vigorously active in two areas. One was thalamus, the structure that filters incoming sensory signals and transmits them to the brain's cortex. The amygdala ( a fear-processing center) was increasingly active in people with paranoia
What two areas of the brain did PET scans reveal were active during schizophrenia hallucinations?
- some schizophrenic people have abnormally low frontal lobe activity (area that helps us reason, plan an solve problems)

- there is a noticeable decline in the brain waves that reflect synchronized neural firing in the frontal lobes. Out-of-sync neurons may disrupt the integrated functioning of neural networks, possibly contributing to schizophrenia symptoms
What did PET scans reveal about brain activity in the frontal lobes of schizophrenic people?
possible contributing factors include:
- low birth weight
- oxygen deprivation during delivery
- midpregnancy viral infection
- famine conditions (mother not eating enough)
- maternal diabetes
- older paternal age (parents are old age)
What prenatal events are associated with increased risk of developing schizophrenia?
A) mothers who report being sick with influenza during pregnancy are more likely to bear children who develop schizophrenia

** there is only an increased risk when the infections occur during the second trimester.

Maternal influenza infections during pregnancy also affects brain development in monkeys
Which of the following facts about fetal-virus infections are FALSE?

A) mothers who report being sick with the influenza during pregnancy in the third trimester are more likely to bear children who develop schizophrenia
B) people born in densely populated areas, where viral diseases spread more readily are at a great risk for schizophrenia
C) Those born during the winter and spring months, after the fall-winter flue season are at a increased risk
D) blood drawn from a pregnant women whose offspring develop schizophrenia show higher-than-normal levels of antibodies that suggest a viral infection
yes, the nearly 1 in 100 odds of any person being diagnosed with schizophrenia increases to 1 in 10 among those who have a sibling or parent with the disorder

if the affected sibling is a identical twin the odds increase to 5 in 10, even when the twins are raised apart

If identical twins have a shared placenta then the odds increase to 6 in 10. However, if the identical twins had separate placentas (as do fraternal twins) the co-twins chance of developing schizophrenia drop to 1 in 10
can people inherit a predisposition to schizophrenia?
studies show that schizophrenia is influenced by many genes, each with very small effects. Epigenetic factors influence whether or not genes will be expressed. Environmental factors such as viral infections, nutrition deprivation and maternal stress can "turn on" the genes for this disorder in those who are predisposed to it

*environmental factors and genetic predispositions do not, by themselves, cause schizophrenia
Do genes influence schizophrenia?
- a mother those schizophrenia was severe
and long-lasting
- birth complications, often involving oxygen
deprivation and low birth weight
- separation from parents
- short attention span and poor muscle
coordination
- disruptive or withdrawn behavior
- poor peer relations and solo play
- childhood physical, sexual, or emotional
abuse
What are possible early warning signs of schizophrenia in children?
negative symptoms ; chronic schizophrenia
A person with schizophrenia who has _____ symptoms may have an expressionless face and toneless voice. These symptoms are most common with __________ schizophrenia and are not likely to respond to drug therapy.
positive symptoms ; acute schizophrenia
Those with __________ symptoms are likely to experience delusions and to be diagnosed with _________________ schizophrenia, which is much more likely to respond to drug therapy.
biological factors include abnormalities in brain structure and function, prenatal exposure to a maternal virus, and a genetic predisposition to the disorder. However, a high-risk environment, with many environmental triggers, can increase the odds of developing schizophrenia
What factors contribute to the onset development of schizophrenia?
dissociative disorders
controversial rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
fugue state
a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
psychodynamic theorists see DID symptoms as defences against the anxiety generated by unacceptable urges. In this view, a second personality enable the release of forbidden impulses
How do psychodynamic perspectives view dissociative identity disorder (DID) symptoms?
Learning theorists attempts to explain these symptoms as behaviors that have been reinforced by relieving of anxiety in the past.
How do learning perspectives view dissociative identity disorder (DID) symptoms?
- it is rarely found outside of north america

- One side of the skeptics believe that multiple personalities are the desperate efforts of people trying to detach from a horrific experiences and they include DID under the umbrella of posttraumatic stress disorder.

- on other side are the skeptics that think DID is a condition constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction and acted out by fanasty-prone, emotionally vulnerable people. Critics say therapists go fishing for multiple personalities and results in role playing by people who are vulnerable to the therapist's suggestions.
What is the controversy over dissociative identity disorder (DID)?
1) anxiety

2) eccentric or odd behaviors

3) dramatic or impulsive behaviors
What are the 3 clusters of personality disorders?
personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.
antisocial personality disorder
a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist
the genetic vulnerability of people with antisocial and unemotional tendencies apears as a fearless approach to life.

- Awaiting aversive events such as electric shocks, they show little autonomic nervous system arousal

- long-term studies show that their 13 year olds who had lower levels of arousal in a stressful situation were more likely to commit a crime

- other studies have found that pre school boys who later became aggressive or antisocial adolescents tended to be impulsive, uninhibited, unconcerned with social rewards and low in anxiety
How does fearlessness influence the development of antisocial personality disorder?
twin adoption studies show that biological relatives of people with antisocial personality disorder are at a increased risk for antisocial behavior. Negative environmental factors such as poverty or childhood abuse, may channel genetic traits such as fearlessness in more dangerous directions - toward aggression and away from social responsibility. Neither a bad genes or a bad environment alone predispose later antisocial behavior.
How do biological and psychological factors contribute to antisocial personality disorder?
- the emotion-controlling amygdala is smaller
- the frontal lobes are less active ( area in the brain that helps brake impulses and aggressive behavior)
- repeated violent offenders had 11% less frontal lobe tissue than normal
What did PET scans reveal about the brain activity in murderers minds?
- displayed low heart rate and persperation responses

- less activity in brain areas that typicall respond to emotional stimuli

- they also have a larger and hyper-reactive dopamine reward system, which predisposes their impulsive drive to do something rewarding despite the consequences
When antisocial disordered criminals were shown evocative pictures, such as a man holding a knife to a womens throat, what were the physiological and brain responses
- anorexia nervosa
- bulimia nervosa
- binge-eating disorder
What are the three main eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanies by excessive exercise
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating (usually of high-calorie foods) with purging by (vomiting or laxative use) or fasting. Preoccupied with food (craving sweet and high fat foods), and fearful of becoming overweight, binge-purge eaters experience bouts of depression, guilt and anxiety during the following binges. Unlike anorexia, this disorder is easy to hide because of the weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges.
binge-eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa
- mothers of daughters with eating disorders tend to focus on their own weight and on their daughter's weight and appearance

- families of those with bulimia tend to have a higher-than-usual incidence of childhood obesity and negative self-evaluation

- families of those with anorexia tend to be competitive, high-achieving, and protective
What family environments influence the growth of eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa ; bulimia nervosa
people with _________ continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight. Those with _________ tend to have weight that fluctuates within or above normal ranges
cultural pressures, low self-esteem, and negative emotions interact with stressful life experiences and genetics to produce eating disorders
How do biological psychological and social-cultural influences produce eating disorders?
- heredity matters, identical twins share these disorders more often then fraternal twins

- scientists are searching for culprit genes, which may influence the body's available serotonin and estrogen levels
- studies showed that having a gene that reduced available serotonin increased a persons risk of anorexia or bulimia by 30%

however no gene alone can cause eating disorders, the interaction between genes and environmental factors produce the disorder
How do genetics influence a persons risk to developing an eating disorder?
- low self-evaluation
- set perfectionist standards
- fret about falling short or expectations
- intensely concerned with how others perceive them
What characteristics do people with eating disorders usually have?
- the most vulnerable to eating disorders are women and gay men, because they most commonly idealize thinness

- ideal shapes vary across cultures; in impoverished areas of the world plumpness means prosperity and thinness signals poverty or illness. In western cultures they are "weight obsessed" and fat is considered bad

- social media sets an impossible body standard, which has increased girls body dissatisfaction and encouraged eating disorders

- peer influences such as teasing
- increased marriage age, and competition for available mates
how does cultural and gender influence eating disorders?
schizophrenia ; depression
Two disorders are found worldwide. One is _____________ and the other is ___________
No Annas behavior is unusual, causes her distress and may make her few minutes late on occasion, but it does not appear to significantly disrupt her ability to function. Like most of us, Anna demonstrates some unusual behaviors that are not disabling or dysfunctional, and thus do not suggest a psychological disorder.
Anna is embarrassed that it takes her several minutes to parallel park. She usually gets out of the car once or twice to inspect her distance both from the curb and from the nearby cars. Should she would worry about having a psychological disorder?
Susto is a condition marked by severe anxiety, restlessness, and fear of black magic. It is culture-specific to Latin Americas
what is susto, and is this a culture-specific or universal psychological disorder?
medical model
A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses and people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the _____________
C) biopsychosocial

biopsychosocial approach - idea that our behaviors, thoughts and feelings are formed by the interaction between biological, psychological and social-cultural influences.
Many psychologists reject the "disorders-as-illness" view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved - for example, the person's bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the ________ approach

A) Medical
B) evil spirits
C) biopsychosocial
D) diagnostic labels
critics have expressed concerns about the negative effects of the DSM's labelling. Recent critics suggest that the DSM-5 cats too wide a net on disorders, pathologizing normal behavior
why is the DSM, and the DSM 5 in particular, considered controversial?
poverty
one predictor of psychiatric disorders that crosses ethnic and gender lines is ________
D) phobias appear around age 10 ; major depressive disorders appear late around age 25
the symptoms of _______ appear around age 10; _________ tends to appear late around age 25

A) Schizophrenia ; bipolar disorder
B) bipolar disorder ; schizophrenia
C) major depressive disorder ; phobias
D) phobias ; major depressive disorder
phobia
Anxiety that takes the form of an irrational and maladaptive fear of a specific object, activity or situation is called a ________?
C) a panic attack
An episode of intense dread, accompanied by tembling, dizziness, chest pains, or choking sensations and by feelings or terror, is called

A) a specific phobia
B) compulsion
C) a panic attack
D) an obsessive fear
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Marina became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. Her family consulted a therapist, who diagnosed her as having _________
C) conditioned fears
the learning perspective proposes that phobias are

A) the result of individual genetic
B) a way of repressing unacceptable impulses
C) conditioned fears
D) a symptom of having been abused as a child
women's risk of depression is nearly double men's risk
The "gender gap" in depression refers to the finding that ________ risk of depression is nearly double that of ____________
D) males 19 and under
rates of bipolar disorder have risen dramatically in the twenty-first century, especially among

A) middle-aged women
B) middle-aged men
C) females 19 and under
D) males 19 and under
norepineohrine and serotonin
treatment for depression often includes drugs that increase supplies of the neurotransmitters _________ and _____________
social-cognitive

social-cogitive perspective : explores how people's assumptions and expectations influence what they perceive. Depressed peoples negative assumptions about themselves, their situation and their future lead them to magnify bad experiences and minimize good ones.
psychologists who emphasize the importance of negative perceptions, beliefs, and thoughts in depression are working within the ____________ perspective
No, schizophrenia is a split from reality which causes altered perceptions, emotions, and behaviors. It does not involved rapid changes in mood or identity suggested by this comparison.
Victor exclaimed " the weather has been so schizophrenic lately: It's hot one day and freezing the next!" Is this an accurate comparison? why or why not
B) delusions
A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experience

A) catatonia
B) delusions
C) withdrawal
D flat emotion
hallucination
people with schizophrenia may hear voices urging self-destruction, is an example of ___________
A) onset is sudden, in response to stress

if the onset is sudden in response to a stressful live experience, than it is acute schizophrenia, which have the best chances of a recovery

when deterioration occurs gradually during childhood, it is chronic schizophrenia which chances of recovery are much less
chances for recovery from schizophrenia are best when

A) onset is sudden, in response to stress
B) deterioration occurs gradually, during childhood
C) no environmental cause can be identified
D) there is not detectable brain abnormality
C) it is almost never reported outside of North America

it is also controversial because:
- it was rarely reported in the 1920s, but after the making of the DSM it is reported frequently today
dissociative identity disorder is controversial because

A) dissociation is actually quite rare
B) it was reported frequently in the 1920s but rarely
today
C) it is almost never reported outside North
America
D) its symptoms are nearly identical to those of
obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
a personality disorder such as antisocial personality disorder is characterized by

A) depression
B) hallucinations
C) inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
D) an elevated level of autonomic nervous system arousal
C) lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobe

they have 11% less frontal lobe tissue which explains their inability to control their impulses and aggressive behavior
PET scans of murder's brains have revealed

A) higher-than-normal activation in the frontal
lobes
B) lower-than-normal activation in the frontal lobe
C) more frontal lobe tissue than normal
D) no differences in lobe tissue than normal
C) bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges
which of the following statements is true of bulimia nervosa?

A) people with bulimia nervosa continue to want to lose weight even when they are underweight
B) bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges
C) bulimia patients often come from middle-class families that are competitive, high achieving, and protective
D) if one twin is diagnosed with bulimia, the chances of the other twin's sharing the disorder are greater if they are fraternal twins than identical
bulimia nervosa
For which eating disorder do the families tend to have a higher-than-usual incidence of childhood obesity and self-evaluation?
anorexia norvosa
For which eating disorder do the families tend to be competitive, high-achieving, and protective?
C) epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on genes expression that occur without a DNA change is called

A) medical model
B) DSM-5
C) epigenetics
D) psychological disorders
A) depressive and bipolar

depressive disorders or bipolar disorders have a 9.5% reporting rate, which is the highest out of the psychological disorders
according to the NIMH, which disorders are reported to yield the highest frequency?

A) depressive and bipolar
B) schizophrenia
C) phobias
D) ADHD
D) compulsion

compulsion is an repetitive action
obsession is a repetitive thought
washing one's hands 100 times a day would be an example of a

A) obsession
B) post-traumatic stress
C) phobia
D) compulsion
A) mania
A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common is called

A) mania
B) bipolar disorder
C) major depressive disorder
D) depression
A) rumination

to ruminate: involves compulsive fretting; overthinking about problems and their causes
which of the following is a common symptom of the depressive disorder?

A) rumination
B) obsessions
C) compulsions
D) hallucinations
D) suicide rates across the years have not changed

False, suicide rates have changed over the years
which of the following is FALSE regarding suicide rates?

A) there are racial differences
B) suicide risk increases with age
C) national differences in suicide rates exist
D) suicide rates across the years have not changed
D) all of the above
which of the following is a symptom of schizophrenia?

A) disturbed perceptions
B) disorganized thinking and speech
C) diminished and inappropriate emotions
D) all of the above
B) dissociative disorder
A controversial, rare disorder in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings is called

A) schizophrenia
B) dissociative disorder
C) bipolar disorder
D) eating disorder
A) binge-eating disorder
which disorder is characterized by significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt (without compensatory, purging, or fasting

A) binge-eating disorder
B) bulimia nervosa
C) anorexia nervosa
D) boarderline personality disorder
C) panic disorder
Marcus has unpredictable episodes of anxiety where he cant breathe and feels like he's having a heart attack. Though these feelings are temporary, they fill him with dread and worry. Which disorder might Marcus be suffering from?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) phobia
C) panic disorder
D) post-traumatic stress disorder
B) bipolar disorder

bipolar disorder shows the highest heritability estimates
Harold notices that several of his family members suffer from psychological disorders. Which disorder should he be most concerned about, given heritability estimates?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) bipolar disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) major depressive disorder
1. bipolar disorder
2. schizophrenia
3. anorexia nervosa
4. major depressive disorder
5. generalized anxiety disorder
What is the order of highest to lowest heritability estimates for the psychological disorders?
D) dissociative identity disorder (DID)
Tanya unknowingly, switches her thinking and behavior from that of an 18-year-old American female to a 5 year-old Cuban boy. Witnesses claim it's like observing two different people. Tanya may be suffering from

A) bipolar disorder
B) antisocial disorder
C) schizophrenia
D) dissociative identity disorder (DID)
A) avoidant personality disorder

fearful sensitivity to rejection that predisposes the withdrawn behavior of avoidant personality disorder
Monika is very sensitive to what others think of her and sometimes hesitant to create new relationships because of her fear of rejection, though she desires friendships. Which personality disorder might she be suffering from?

A) avoidant personality disorder
B) narcissistic personality disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) boarderline personality disorder
C) anorexia nervosa
Carlos is extremely self-conscious about his weight. Often, he starves himself for days and works out 7 days a week for hours on end. Despite his behavior, he still feels fat. What disorder might Carlos be suffering from?

A) bulimia nervosa
B) major depressive disorder
C) anorexia nervosa
D) binge-eating disorder
- narcissistic personality disorder
- antisocial personality disorder
- boarderline personality disorder
Which personality disorders would fall under the third cluster (dramatic or impulsive behaviors)?
schizotypal personality disorder - which involves emotional disengagement
What personality disorder would fall under the second cluster (eccentric or odd behaviors)?
THIS SET IS OFTEN IN FOLDERS WITH...