This is tested in the memory portion of a cognitive assessment for patients with dementia. Do they engage with their environment? Do they know where they are, or any current events?OrientationThis is tested in the memory portion of a cognitive assessment for patients with dementia. It tests the 4 different parts of memory formation: Registration, Encoding, Consolidation, and Retrieval. Specific tests are used for each.Verbal memoryThis step of memory consolidation involves the association cortices.RegistrationThis step of memory consolidation involves the hippocampus and amygdala. This is commonly where memory issues will start in patients with AD. If a patient cannot retrieve a memory, even with a cue, this is where the issue may be.EncodingThis step of memory consolidation involves the whole cerebral cortex.ConsolidationThis step of memory consolidation involves the frontal subcortical system.RetrievalPatients with dementia affecting the _______________ will be able to encode memories, but not retrieve them. They can, however, retrieve the information with a cue.Frontal lobeWhen performing a cognitive assessment for a patient with dementia, this must be assessed. There are 6 parts tested: Spontaneous speech, Comprehension, Repetition, Naming, Reading, and Writing.LanguageThis is assessed during the language portion of a cognitive assessment in a patient with dementia. Want to listen for fluency, paraphasic error, prosody, and dysarthria.Spontaneous speechIn a patient with Broca's aphasia, their speech will be ______________. They will have difficulty with their motor production.Non-fluentIn a patient with Wernicke's aphasia, their speech will be ______________. They will not have difficulty with the motor production of speech. However, they will have difficulty understanding written or spoken language.FluentThis type of paraphasic error in speech is when a patient doesn't really know what they are talking about, but can say the words properly.SemanticThis type of paraphasic error in speech is when a patient knows what they are trying to say, but just cannot say the words properly.PhonemicThis is the term for intonation in a patient's speech. We are looking for normal intonation when assessing language.ProsodyThis is the term for flat, emotionless speech with lack of intonation.AprosodiaThis is slurred speech. Can occur in patients with dementia.DisarthriaThis is assessed during the language portion of a cognitive assessment in a patient with dementia. You would tell the patient to point to certain objects or parts of a room (door, table, ceiling, floor, etc.). If they cannot do this, there is a problem with their _________________.ComprehensionThis is assessed during the language portion of a cognitive assessment in a patient with dementia. Tell the patient to say what you are saying. If they cannot say it back to you, there may be an issue with Broca's area. If they don't understand what you are saying, there may be an issue with Wernicke's area.RepetitionThis is assessed during the language portion of a cognitive assessment in a patient with dementia. Tell them to name certain things you show them (pen, watch, thumb, etc.).NamingThis is assessed during the language portion of a cognitive assessment in a patient with dementia. Give them a piece of paper with a sentence and tell them to tell you what the sentence says.ReadingThis is assessed during the language portion of a cognitive assessment in a patient with dementia. Give the patient a blank piece of paper and tell them to ________ a sentence.WritingWhen performing a cognitive assessment for a patient with dementia, this must be assessed. Get them to draw a house, cube, clock, and interlocking pentagons. If they cannot draw what you tell them to, draw something for them and tell them to recreate what you just drew.Visuospatial functioningIf a patient cannot draw a house or cube when you ask them to, but they can copy one that you have drawn, where is the memory issue located in the brain?Frontal lobeIf a patient cannot spontaneously draw OR copy something you ask them to, then where in the brain may their memory issue be located?Parietal lobeWhen performing a cognitive assessment for a patient with dementia, this must be assessed. Check for their comprehension of similarities between certain things (apples and orange are both fruit), or if they understand proverbs (what is the meaning of "killing two birds with one stone?")Manipulations of acquired knowledgeWhen performing a cognitive assessment for a patient with dementia, this must be assessed. Get the patient to draw multiple loops and alternating sequences, as well as word list generation (F-words, animals, etc.)Frontal system tasksWill a patient with dementia likely get more words in a list of F-words, or a list of animals? (The answer is due to their need for structure)AnimalsWhen performing a cognitive assessment for a patient with dementia, this must be assessed. This is all about pretending to do things without the objects in-hand.PraxisEncephalopathy, apahsia, amnestic syndromes (like Wernicke-Korsakoff), and mood disorders in older patient may ___________ dementia.MimicThis is a disease that causes dementia. Extracellular beta-amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (TAU proteins) are characteristic of this diseaseAlzheimer's diseaseAre the beta-amyloid plaques found in patients with AD intracellular or extracellular?ExtracellularAre the neurofibrillary tangles found in patients with AD intracellular or extracellular?IntracellularThis is the protein that primarily makes up the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles found in patients with AD.TAU proteinThe _________________ found extracellularly in patients with AD progress from the neocortex, to the hippocampus, to the thalamus and basal ganglia, to the brainstem, then finally to the cerebellum as the disease progresses.Beta-amyloid plaquesThese are deposits of alpha-synuclein proteins in the brain. They are characteristic for patients with a particular type of dementia.Lewy bodiesThese are the proteins that make up Lewy Bodies.Alpha-synucleinThis is a big factor to consider when managing a patient with dementia.SafetyThis type of person should be appointed for patients with dementia, as they will progress to a point where they cannot make decisions about their own life.Power of attorney
